Literaturverzeichnis

Auf dieser Seite ...

18.2. Literaturverzeichnis#

18.2.1. ♛ Leitlinien#

♛ AABB EK 2023: Red Blood Cell Transfusion: 2023 AABB International Guidelines by Carson JL. et al. JAMA. 2023;330(19):1892–1902. PMID: 37824153 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.12914

Restriktive Transfusionsstrategie mit indikationsbezogenen Hb-Schwellenwerten.
♛ AABB TK 2025: Platelet Transfusion: 2025 AABB and ICTMG International Clinical Practice Guidelines by Metcalf R. et al. JAMA. 2025;334(7):606–617. PMID: 40440268 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2025.7529

Restriktive, indikationsabhängige Thrombozytentransfusion einschließlich perioperativer Situationen.
♛ ACOG Nichtgeburtshilfliche OP 2019: Nonobstetric Surgery During Pregnancy: ACOG Committee Opinion No. 775 by American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Committee on Obstetric Practice, und American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(4):e285–e286. PMID: 30913200 DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003174

Medizinisch notwendige Eingriffe dürfen in der Schwangerschaft nicht aufgeschoben werden; elektive Eingriffe sollen nach der Geburt erfolgen. Fetale Überwachung richtet sich nach Gestationsalter und klinischer Situation.
♛ ADA Hospital Diabetes 2026: 16. Diabetes Care in the Hospital: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 by American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1). DOI: 10.2337/dc26-S016

Perioperative Glukosezielwerte, Insulindosisanpassung und Medikamentenpausen bei Diabetes mellitus.
♛ AHA ACC HCM 2024: 2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy by Ommen S. R., Ho C. Y., Asif I. M. et al. Circulation. 2024;149(23):e1239–e1311. PMID: 38718139 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250

Empfiehlt nichtvasodilatierende Betablocker als Erstlinientherapie der symptomatischen obstruktiven HCM und eine individuelle ICD-Risikostratifizierung; weitere Optionen sind Myosin-Inhibitoren und septumreduzierende Verfahren.
♛ AHA ACC Periop Medizin 2024: 2024 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Management for Noncardiac Surgery by Thompson A. et al. Circulation. 2024;150(19):e351–e442. PMID: 39316661 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001285

Leitlinie zur kardiovaskulären Risikoevaluation und perioperativen Versorgung bei nichtkardialen Eingriffen.
♛ AHA ACC Periop Medizin 2026: 2026 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Management for Noncardiac Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines by Thompson A. et al. Circulation. 2026;154(13):e413–e504. PMID: 42804570 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001472

Im September 2026 erneut bestätigte perioperative Leitlinie mit unveränderten Empfehlungen gegenüber 2024, einschließlich des gerätespezifischen Vorgehens bei elektromagnetischen Interferenzen von Schrittmachern und ICDs.
♛ AHA Special Circumstances 2025: Part 10: Adult and Pediatric Special Circumstances of Resuscitation: 2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care by Cao D. et al. Circulation. 2025;152(16_suppl_2):S578–S672. PMID: 41122889 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001380

Bei lebensbedrohlicher Organophosphat- oder Carbamatintoxikation frühzeitig Atropin und Atemwegssicherung; bei Organophosphaten kann Pralidoxim sinnvoll sein.
♛ ASA Airway 2022: 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway by Jeffrey L Apfelbaum et al. Anesthesiology. 2022 Jan 1;136(1):31-81. https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000004002

DMV was reported in 5% of the patients.
♛ ASA Fasting 2023: 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting: Carbohydrate-containing Clear Liquids with or without Protein, Chewing Gum, and Pediatric Fasting Duration by Joshi GP. et al. Anesthesiology. 2023;138(2):132–151. PMID: 36629465 DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004381

Aktualisiert Empfehlungen zu kohlenhydrathaltigen klaren Flüssigkeiten, Kaugummi und pädiatrischer Nahrungskarenz.
♛ ASA NMB 2023: 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Monitoring and Antagonism of Neuromuscular Blockade: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuromuscular Blockade by Stephan R. Thilen et al. Anesthesiology. 2023;138:13–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004379
♛ ASA Obstetric Anesthesia 2016: Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia and the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology by American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia et al. Anesthesiology. 2016;124(2):270–300. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000935

Geburtshilfliche Anästhesieleitlinie mit Empfehlungen zur oralen Zufuhr während der Geburt und zur Aspirationsprophylaxe bei Sectio caesarea.
♛ ASA Physical Status 2026: American Society of Anesthesiologists Statement on ASA Physical Status Classification System American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Anesthesiology Open. 2026;1(1):e0002. DOI: 10.1097/AO9.0000000000000002

Definition und klinische Beispiele der ASA-Physical-Status-Klassen einschließlich des Zusatzes E für Notfalleingriffe.
♛ ASA Stillen Anästhesie 2024: Statement on Resuming Breastfeeding after Anesthesia American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), Committee on Obstetric Anesthesia. Stand: 23. Oktober 2024. https://sitecore-prod-scus-001-89790f-cd.azurewebsites.net/standards-and-practice-parameters/statement-on-resuming-breastfeeding-after-anesthesia

Stillen kann nach Anästhesie in der Regel wieder aufgenommen werden, sobald die Mutter ausreichend wach ist; Codein und Tramadol werden vermieden, eine opioidsparende Analgesie wird bevorzugt.
♛ ASE TEE 2013: Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transesophageal Echocardiographic Examination: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists by Rebecca T. Hahn et al. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:921-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2013.07.009
♛ ASRA Regionalanästhesie 2025: Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (fifth edition) by Kopp SL., Vandermeulen E., McBane RD. et al. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025. Online veröffentlicht am 29. Januar 2025. PMID: 39880411 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2024-105766

Mindestintervalle für intravenöses unfraktioniertes Heparin bei neuraxialer Punktion und Katheterentfernung sowie individuelle Risikoabwägung nach traumatischer Punktion.
♛ DGGG Frühgeburt 2022: Prävention und Therapie der Frühgeburt (S2k-Leitlinie 015-025, Version 5.0) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (DGGG), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (OEGGG), Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (SGGG) und weitere Fachgesellschaften. Stand: 01.10.2022; zuletzt verlängert bis 30.09.2026. https://register.awmf.org/assets/guidelines/015-025l_S2k_Praevention-Therapie-Fruehgeburt_2025-03-verlaengert.pdf

Die medikamentöse Tokolyse ist bei vorzeitigen muttermundwirksamen Wehen indiziert; Nifedipin und Atosiban werden bevorzugt, während kontinuierliche i. v. β-Sympathomimetika und Magnesiumsulfat nicht als Tokolytika empfohlen werden.
♛ DGN Myasthene Syndrome 2024: Diagnostik und Therapie myasthener Syndrome by Wiendl H., Meisel A., Marx A. et al. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN), S2k-Leitlinie, AWMF-Registernummer 030-087, Version 7.0, Stand 12.11.2024. Leitlinie

Bei Verdacht auf cholinerge Intoxikation unter Acetylcholinesterase-Hemmern Therapie pausieren und bei Bedarf Atropin einsetzen.
♛ DGPK PDA 2020: Persistierender Ductus arteriosus by Lindinger A. et al. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Kardiologie und Angeborene Herzfehler (DGPK), S2k-Leitlinie. 2020; Beschluss vom 14.12.2020. Leitlinie (PDF)

Beschreibt Physiologie, Shuntverhältnisse, Differentialzyanose sowie Diagnostik und interventionellen beziehungsweise chirurgischen Verschluss des isolierten PDA jenseits der Neonatalperiode.
♛ EAN Koma 2020: European Academy of Neurology guideline on the diagnosis of coma and other disorders of consciousness by Kondziella D. et al. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(5):741–756. PMID: 32090418 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14151

Empfiehlt eine strukturierte neurologische Untersuchung und den FOUR-Score in der Akutsituation sowie den Einbezug von EEG bei der Diagnostik von Bewusstseinsstörungen.
♛ EAU Urogenital Trauma 2026: EAU Guidelines on Urological Trauma by European Association of Urology. EAU Guidelines. 2026. URL: EAU – Urogenital Trauma

Leitlinie zu urogenitalen Verletzungen einschließlich Blasenperforationen und risikomindernder Maßnahmen bei transurethralen Eingriffen.
♛ EAU Urolithiasis 2026: EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis by European Association of Urology. EAU Guidelines. 2026. URL: EAU – Urolithiasis

Leitlinie zur Harnsteintherapie mit Kontraindikationen der ESWL und geräteabhängigen Vorsichtsmaßnahmen bei Herzschrittmachern und ICD.
♛ EAU Bladder Cancer 2026: EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer by European Association of Urology. EAU Guidelines. 2026. URL: EAU – Bladder Cancer

Leitlinie zur radikalen Zystektomie einschließlich perioperativer Betreuung, ERAS-Konzept, Harnableitung und verlängerter Thromboseprophylaxe.
♛ ECMM 2025 Candidiasis: Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM by Oliver A Cornely et al. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2025;25:e280–e293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00749-7
♛ EHRA CIED 2022: EHRA consensus on prevention and management of interference due to medical procedures in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices by Stühlinger M. et al. Europace. 2022;24(9):1512–1537. PMID: 36228183 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac040

Fachgesellschaftlicher Konsens zur Vermeidung und Behandlung elektromagnetischer Interferenzen mit implantierten Herzrhythmusgeräten einschließlich Elektrochirurgie, Magnetanwendung und perioperativer Geräteprüfung.
♛ ERAS Cesarean Preop 2025: Guidelines for antenatal and preoperative care in cesarean delivery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society recommendations (part 1)—2025 update by Wilson RD. et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2026;233(6S):S153–S169. PMID: 40335350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2025.01.014

Aktualisierte ERAS-Empfehlungen für die präoperative Versorgung und Nahrungskarenz vor geplanter Sectio caesarea.
♛ ERC 2025 ALS: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support by J. Soar et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110769. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769
♛ ERC 2025 BLS: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Basic Life Support by M. A. Smyth et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110771. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110771
♛ ERC 2025 Edu: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Education for Resuscitation by S. Nabecker et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110739. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110739
♛ ERC 2025 Epid: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Epidemiology in Resuscitation by E. Baldi et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110733. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110733
♛ ERC 2025 Ethics: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Ethics in Resuscitation by V. Raffay et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110734. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110734
♛ ERC 2025 ExSum: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Executive Summary by R. Greif et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110770. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110770
♛ ERC 2025 First Aid: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 First Aid by T. Djärv et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110752. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110752
♛ ERC 2025 Newborn: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Newborn Resuscitation and Support of Transition of Infants at Birth by M. Hogeveen et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110766. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110766
♛ ERC 2025 PLS: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Paediatric Life Support by J. Djakow et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110767. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110767
♛ ERC 2025 Post: European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Guidelines 2025 Post-Resuscitation Care by J. P. Nolan et al. Resuscitation. 2025;215(Suppl 1):110809. PMID: 41117575 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110809 Corrigendum: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111315

Postreanimationsversorgung Erwachsener einschließlich Oxygenierung, Ventilation, Kreislauftherapie, Temperaturkontrolle, multimodaler Prognostikation und Rehabilitation.
♛ ERC 2025 Special: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation by C. Lott et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110753. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753
♛ ERC 2025 System: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 System Saving Lives by F. Semeraro et al. Resuscitation, 2025(215):110821. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110821
♛ ESA PeriOpFastening 2011: Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology by Smith, I.; Kranke, P. et al. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2011, 28, 556-69. PMID: 21712716. DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e3283495ba1

The key recommendations are that adults and children should be encouraged to drink clear fluids up to 2 h before elective surgery (including caesarean section) and all but one member of the guidelines group consider that tea or coffee with milk added (up to about one fifth of the total volume) are still clear fluids. Solid food should be prohibited for 6 h before elective surgery in adults and children, although patients should not have their operation cancelled or delayed just because they are chewing gum, sucking a boiled sweet or smoking immediately prior to induction of anaesthesia. These recommendations also apply to patients with obesity, gastro-oesophageal reflux and diabetes and pregnant women not in labour. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of antacids, metoclopramide or H2-receptor antagonists before elective surgery in non-obstetric patients, but an H2-receptor antagonist should be given before elective caesarean section, with an intravenous H2-receptor antagonist given prior to emergency caesarean section, supplemented with 30 ml of 0.3 mol l(-1) sodium citrate if general anaesthesia is planned. Infants should be fed before elective surgery. Breast milk is safe up to 4 h and other milks up to 6 h. Thereafter, clear fluids should be given as in adults. The guidelines also consider the safety and possible benefits of preoperative carbohydrates and offer advice on the postoperative resumption of oral intake.
♛ ESAIC Delir 2024: Update of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients by Aldecoa C. et al. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2024;41(2):81–108. DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001876

Empfehlungen zur Vorbeugung und Behandlung postoperativer Delirien; Regionalanästhesie bietet nicht generell einen nachgewiesenen Vorteil gegenüber Allgemeinanästhesie.
♛ ESAIC ESRA Regionalanästhesie 2022: Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: Joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines by Kietaibl S. et al. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022;39(2):100–132. PMID: 34980845 DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001600

Empfiehlt substanz- und dosisabhängige Sicherheitsintervalle bei neuraxialen und tiefen peripheren Regionalanästhesieverfahren unter Antithrombotika.
♛ ESAIC Fasting Children 2022: Pre-operative fasting in children: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care by Frykholm P. et al. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022;39(1):4–25. PMID: 34857683 DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001599

Empfiehlt für Kinder mit geringem Aspirationsrisiko 6-4-3-1-Stunden-Karenzzeiten für feste Nahrung, Formula, Muttermilch und klare Flüssigkeiten.
♛ ESAIC NMB 2023: Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care by Thomas Fuchs-Buder et al. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023;40:82–94. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0000000000001769
♛ ESAIC Urology VTE 2024: European guidelines on peri-operative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: first update. Chapter 12: Urology by Tikkinen KAO. et al. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2024;41(8):618–621. PMID: 38957030 DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000002012

Europäische Leitlinie zur risikoadaptierten perioperativen Thromboseprophylaxe bei urologischen Eingriffen unter Berücksichtigung von Operationszugang, Lymphadenektomie und patientenspezifischen Risikofaktoren.
♛ ESC Endokarditis 2023: 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis by Delgado V. et al. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(39):3948–4042. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad193

Indikationsbezogene Endokarditisprophylaxe; keine routinemäßige Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei sämtlichen Operationen allein aufgrund einer Herzklappenprothese.
♛ ESC Herzinsuffizienz 2026: 2026 ESC Guidelines for the management of heart failure by Køber L., Adamo M. et al. Eur Heart J. 2026;47(38):5346–5457. PMID: 42661420 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehag100

Neue Einteilung in HFrEF mit LVEF < 50 % und HFpEF ab 50 %; die frühere HFmrEF entfällt. SGLT2-Inhibitoren und MRA erhalten einen breiteren Stellenwert, die Akuttherapie orientiert sich an Stauung, Hypoperfusion und Blutdruck.
♛ ESC Kardiomyopathien 2023: 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies by Arbelo E., Protonotarios A., Gimeno J. R. et al. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(37):3503–3626. PMID: 37622657 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194

Definiert die dynamische LVOT-Obstruktion ab 30 mm Hg und behandelt die Risikostratifizierung sowie medikamentöse und septumreduzierende Therapien der hypertrophen Kardiomyopathie.
♛ ESC Myoperikarditis 2025: 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis by Schulz-Menger J. et al. Eur Heart J. 2025;46(40):3952–4041. PMID: 40878297 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf192

Aktualisierte diagnostische Kriterien und risikostratifizierte Behandlung entzündlicher Myokard- und Perikarderkrankungen, einschließlich antientzündlicher Therapie, Colchicin und Management hämodynamischer Komplikationen.
♛ ESC Nichtkard OP 2022: 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery by Halvorsen S. et al. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(39):3826–3924. PMID: 36017553 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac270

Kardiovaskuläre präoperative Evaluierung und Management kardial implantierter elektronischer Geräte.
♛ ESC NSTEMI 2020/21: 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. by J.-P. Collet et al. European heart journal, 2021(42):1289-1367. PMID: 32860058, DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575
♛ ESC PAVK Aorta 2024: 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases by Mazzolai L. et al. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(36):3538–3700. PMID: 39210722 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae179

Europäische Empfehlungen zum diagnostischen, konservativen und interventionellen Management peripherer Gefäß- und Aortenerkrankungen.
♛ ESC STEMI 2017: 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). by B. Ibanez et al. European heart journal, 2018(39):119-177. PMID: 28886621, DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393
♛ ESCMID-ECMM-ERS Aspergillus 2017: Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline by A.J. Ullmann et al. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2018;24:e1–e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.002
♛ ESMO Cancer Pain 2018: Management of cancer pain in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines by Fallon M. et al. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(Suppl 4):iv166–iv191. PMID: 30052758 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy152

ESMO-Leitlinie zur Tumorschmerztherapie mit Angaben zu Opioidrotation, oralen Äquivalenzdosen und der Umstellung zwischen oralem und parenteralem Morphin.
♛ ESVS AAA 2024: Editor’s Choice – European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2024 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Abdominal Aorto-Iliac Artery Aneurysms by Wanhainen A. et al. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2024;67(2):192–331. PMID: 38307694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2023.11.002

Empfehlungen zur elektiven und notfallmäßigen Behandlung abdomineller Aortenaneurysmen einschließlich OSR, EVAR und rupturiertem AAA.
♛ ESVS ALI 2020: Editor’s Choice – European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2020 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Acute Limb Ischaemia by Björck M., Earnshaw JJ., Acosta S. et al. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2020;59(2):173–218. PMID: 31899099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.09.006

Leitlinie zur initialen Antikoagulation, dringlichen Revaskularisation und Überwachung auf Reperfusionsschäden sowie postischämisches Kompartmentsyndrom.
♛ ESVS Karotis 2023: Editor’s Choice – European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Atherosclerotic Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease by Naylor R. et al. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2023;65(1):7–111. PMID: 35598721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2022.04.011

Evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zur Indikation und Durchführung der Karotisrevaskularisation sowie zur Vermeidung und Behandlung perioperativer Komplikationen.
♛ GLP1 Multisociety 2024: Multi-society clinical practice guidance for the safe use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the perioperative period by Kindel TL. et al. Surg Endosc. 2025;39(1):180–183. Online veröffentlicht 2024. PMID: 39370500 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-024-11263-2

Interdisziplinäre Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management von GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten und zur Risikostratifizierung hinsichtlich verzögerter Magenentleerung.
♛ GNPI PDA Frühgeborene 2026: Diagnostik und Therapie des persistierenden Ductus arteriosus des Frühgeborenen by Gesellschaft für Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin (GNPI) et al. AWMF S2e-Leitlinie, Registernummer 024-015. 2026; Version 4.0, veröffentlicht am 02.04.2026. Leitlinienregister

Aktuelle evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zur echokardiografischen Diagnostik und Therapieentscheidung beim PDA des Frühgeborenen.
♛ KDIGO AKI 2012: KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(1):1–138. Volltext: KDIGO AKI Guideline

Schleifendiuretika werden nicht zur Prävention eines akuten Nierenschadens empfohlen.
♛ Mullhi Status epilepticus 2025: Guidance for: The acute management of status epilepticus in adult patients by Mullhi R. et al. J Intensive Care Soc. 2025;26(2):249–262. PMID: 40352678 DOI: 10.1177/17511437251321338

Beschreibt das zeitkritische Management des Status epilepticus, einschließlich des nichtkonvulsiven Status als behandelbarer Ursache persistierender Bewusstlosigkeit.
♛ NICE Frühgeburt 2015: Preterm labour and birth (NICE guideline NG25) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Erstveröffentlichung 2015; Empfehlungen zur Magnesiumgabe 2022 angepasst. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng25/chapter/recommendations

Zur fetalen Neuroprotektion bei drohender Frühgeburt kann Magnesiumsulfat mit 4 g i. v. über 15 min und anschließend 1 g / h bis zur Geburt, maximal 24 h, verabreicht werden.
♛ OAA DAS Obstetric Airway 2015: Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association and Difficult Airway Society guidelines for the management of difficult and failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics by Mushambi MC., Kinsella SM., Popat M. et al. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(11):1286–1306. PMID: 26449292 DOI: 10.1111/anae.13260

Vorgehen bei schwieriger und fehlgeschlagener geburtshilflicher Intubation mit priorisierter Oxygenierung, frühzeitigem supraglottischem Atemweg und invasivem Notfallatemweg bei CICO.
♛ OeDG Diabetes 2026: Diabetesmanagement im Krankenhaus (Update 2026) by Mader JK. et al. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2026;138(Suppl 4):308–330. PMID: 42162480 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-026-02717-9

Positionspapier der Österreichischen Diabetes Gesellschaft einschließlich präoperativer Behandlung akuter Hyperglykämien.
♛ OeGARI Gerinnungseval 2024: Empfehlung der Arbeitsgruppe Perioperative Gerinnung der ÖGARI zum Thema: Präoperative/präinterventionelle Anamnese-basierte Gerinnungsevaluierung. Österreichische Gesellschaft für Anaesthesiologie, Reanimation und Intensivmedizin (ÖGARI), 2024. https://www.oegari.at/web_files/cms_daten/empfehlung_agpg_perioperative_anamnese-basierte_gerinnungsevaluierung_version_2___2024.pdf
♛ OeGARI Gerinnung RA 2024: Empfehlung der Arbeitsgruppe Perioperative Gerinnung der ÖGARI zum Thema: Regionalanästhesie unter Gerinnungshemmung. Österreichische Gesellschaft für Anaesthesiologie, Reanimation und Intensivmedizin (ÖGARI), 2024. https://www.oegari.at/web_files/cms_daten/empfehlung_der_arbeitsgruppe_perioperative_gerinnung_der_ogari_zum_thema_regionalanasthesie_unter_gerinnungshemmung.pdf
♛ OeGARI Praeop Eval 2026: Österreichische Leitlinie zur präoperativen Evaluierung von erwachsenen Patientinnen und Patienten – Update 2026 ARGE präoperatives und tagesklinisches Patientenmanagement der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie, Reanimation und Intensivmedizin (ÖGARI). 2026. Volltext: ÖGARI-Leitlinie 2026

Evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zur präoperativen Evaluierung erwachsener Patientinnen und Patienten vor elektiven nichtkardialen Eingriffen.
♛ OeGARI Praeop Medi 2025: Information kompakt: Präoperatives Medikamentenmanagement vor elektiven Eingriffen, Version 2.2 Österreichische Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie, Reanimation und Intensivmedizin (ÖGARI). Version 2.2; durch den ÖGARI-Vorstand freigegeben am 11.03.2024. Volltext: ÖGARI-Medikamentenmanagement 2025

Präoperative Fortführung, Pausierung und Dosisanpassung ausgewählter Dauermedikamente. Substanz- und indikationsbezogene Empfehlungen zum Fortführen, Pausieren und Umstellen von Dauermedikamenten vor elektiven Operationen.
♛ OeGARI RA-Neuro 2021: Empfehlung der ARGE Regionalanästhesie für das Vorgehen bei Verdacht auf perioperative Nervenläsionen der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Anästhesie, Reanimation und Intensivmedizin (ÖGARI), ARGE Regionalanästhesie. 2021. https://www.oegari.at/web_files/cms_daten/arge_ns_2021.pdf
♛ ÖGBT Hämotherapie 2019: ÖGBT-Standards: Klinische Hämotherapie – Der klinische Transfusionsprozess Österreichische Gesellschaft für Blutgruppenserologie, Transfusionsmedizin, Regenerative Medizin und Immungenetik (ÖGBT). Ausgabe Juni 2019. Volltext: ÖGBT – Klinische Hämotherapie

Österreichischer Standard zu Blutkomponenten, AB0-Identitätskontrolle, Transfusion und Zwischenfallmanagement.
♛ OrphanAnesthesia Mastozytose 2021: Systemic mastocytosis by Gaik C., Wiesmann T. Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin. 2021;62(Supplement 13). DOI: 10.19224/ai2021.s266

Präoperative Triggeranamnese, Stressreduktion, individualisierte Prämedikation und die Bereitstellung einer Anaphylaxietherapie sind wesentliche Maßnahmen.
♛ S1 Atemweg 2015: S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement by T. Piepho et al. Anaesthesist 2015 64:859–873. AWMF-Register Nr.: 001/028. DOI 10.1007/s00101-015-0087-6 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00101-015-0087-6
♛ S1 Prähosp Atemweg 2019: S1-Leitlinie Prähospitales Atemwegsmanagement der Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin e.V. (DGAI) et al. AWMF-Register Nr.: 001-040. https://register.awmf.org/assets/guidelines/001-040l_S1_Praehospitales-Atemwegsmanagement_2019-03_1.pdf
♛ S1 Malaria 2025: S1-Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie der Malaria. Stand: 30.04.2025. AWMF 042-001: https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/042-001.
♛ S1 RM-RA Antikoag 2021: S1-Leitlinie Rückenmarknahe Regionalanästhesien und Thromboembolieprophylaxe / antithrombotische Medikation der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin e.V. (DGAI) et al. AWMF-Register Nr.: 001 - 005. https://register.awmf.org/assets/guidelines/001-005l_S1_Rueckenmarksnahe-Regionalanaesthesien-Thrombembolieprophylaxe-antithrombotische-Medikation_2021-10_1.pdf
♛ S2k Anaphylaxie 2021: Leitlinie zu Akuttherapie und Management der Anaphylaxie - Update 2021: S2k-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie (DGAKI) et al. AWMF-Registernummer 061-025. https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/061-025
♛ S2k PPH 2022: S2k-Leitlinie Peripartale Blutungen, Diagnostik und Therapie der Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe e.V. (DGGG). Version 3.2, Stand 01.08.2022. AWMF-Registernummer 015-063. https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/015-063
♛ S3 Asthma 2024: S3-Leitlinie Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Asthma. AWMF Registernummer nvl - 002. https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/nvl-002
♛ S3 LONTS: S3-Leitlinie Langzeitanwendung von Opioiden bei chronischen nicht-tumorbedingten Schmerzen (LONTS) AWMF-Register 145-003, 2020. https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/145-003
♛ S3 Sepsis 2025: S3-Leitlinie Sepsis – Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge – Update 2025 by F. M. Brunkhorst et al. Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin, 2025, Springer. DOI: 10.1007/s00063-025-01317-1
♛ S3 Volumentherapie 2020: S3-Leitlinie Intravasale Volumentherapie bei Erwachsenen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI) et al. AWMF, Registernummer: 001-020, 2020. https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/001-020
♛ SMFM Fruchtwasserembolie 2026: Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Checklist for initial management of amniotic fluid embolism—Updated 2026 by Martinez-King LC., Combs CA., Montgomery DM., Toner LE., Dildy GA. et al., Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Pregnancy. 2026;2(5):e70364. PMID: 42730345 DOI: 10.1002/pmf2.70364

Aktualisierte Checkliste für die unverzügliche geburtshilfliche Reaktion auf das Fruchtwasserembolie-Syndrom mit kardiorespiratorischer Stabilisierung, Reanimation und Gerinnungsmanagement.
♛ SurvSepsisCpg 2021: Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. By: Evans, L., Rhodes, A., Alhazzani, W. et al. Intensive Care Med 47, 1181–1247 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y
♛ SurvSepsisCpg 2026: Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2026 by Hallie C. Prescott et al. Intensive Care Medicine. 2026;52:863–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-026-08361-1
♛ WHO PPH 2025: Consolidated guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage World Health Organization (WHO), International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), International Confederation of Midwives (ICM). Genf: WHO; 2025. ISBN: 978-92-4-011563-7. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240115637

Frühe Behandlung einer postpartalen Blutung bei objektiv gemessenem Blutverlust ab 500 mL oder ab 300 mL mit hämodynamischen Auffälligkeiten.
♛ Wiles Schwangerschaft Niere 2019: Clinical practice guideline on pregnancy and renal disease by Wiles K., Chappell L., Clark K. et al. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20:401. PMID: 31672135 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1560-2

ACE-Hemmer und Angiotensinrezeptorblocker sind im zweiten und dritten Trimenon fetotoxisch; eine Umstellung vor beziehungsweise früh in der Schwangerschaft ist erforderlich.

18.2.2. ⚖ Rechts- und Behördenquellen#

⚖ EMA Camzyos 2023: Camzyos (Mavacamten): EPAR und Produktinformation European Medicines Agency (EMA), EU-Zulassung vom 26.06.2023. EPAR und Fachinformation

Mavacamten ist zur Behandlung symptomatischer obstruktiver hypertropher Kardiomyopathie zugelassen; für die Anwendung sind die Überwachung der systolischen Funktion und arzneimittelbezogene Vorsichtsmaßnahmen wesentlich.
⚖ EMA Entresto 2026: Entresto – EPAR-Produktinformation (Sacubitril/Valsartan) European Medicines Agency (EMA). Stand: 13.01.2026. EPAR und Fachinformation

Die gleichzeitige Behandlung mit ACE-Hemmern ist kontraindiziert; beim Wechsel zwischen ACE-Hemmern und Sacubitril/Valsartan muss ein Abstand von mindestens 36 Stunden eingehalten werden.
⚖ EMA Ranitidin 2020: Ranitidine-containing medicinal products – referral European Medicines Agency (EMA), Abschluss des EU-Verfahrens 2020. Behördliche Entscheidung

Die Zulassungen ranitidinhaltiger Arzneimittel wurden in der EU wegen der NDMA-Verunreinigung vorsorglich ausgesetzt.
⚖ EMA Tractocile 2022: Tractocile (Atosiban): Summary of Product Characteristics European Medicines Agency (EMA), Fachinformation. Aktualisierung vom 30.03.2022. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/tractocile

Zur Hemmung drohender Frühgeburt wird Atosiban initial mit 6,75 mg i. v. über 1 min, anschließend 18 mg / h für 3 h und danach 6 mg / h für bis zu 45 h gegeben.
⚖ FDA NSAID Schwangerschaft 2020: FDA recommends avoiding use of NSAIDs in pregnancy at 20 weeks or later because they can result in low amniotic fluid U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Drug Safety Communication vom 15. Oktober 2020; Aktualisierung vom 1. September 2022. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic

NSAR ab der 20. Schwangerschaftswoche wegen fetaler Nierenfunktionsstörungen und Oligohydramnion möglichst vermeiden; ab etwa 30 Wochen zusätzlich Gefahr eines vorzeitigen Ductusverschlusses.
⚖ ÖSG 2017 TXT: Österreichischer Strukturplan Gesundheit, Textband gemäß Beschluss der Bundes-Zielsteuerungskommission vom 30. Juni 2017. Bundesministerium für Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz (BMSGPK). Stubenring 1, A-1010 Wien. Wien, Oktober 2022. ISBN 978-3-903099-27-2. https://goeg.at/sites/goeg.at/files/inline-files/ÖSG_2017_-_Textband%2C_Stand_07.10.2022.pdf
⚖ ÖSG 2017 Tab: Österreichischer Strukturplan Gesundheit, Tabellenband gemäß Beschluss der Bundes-Zielsteuerungskommission vom 30. Juni 2017. Bundesministerium für Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz (BMSGPK). Stubenring 1, A-1010 Wien. Wien, Oktober 2022. ISBN 978-3-903099-27-2. https://goeg.at/sites/goeg.at/files/inline-files/ÖSG_2017_-_Tabellenband%2C_Stand_07.10.2022.pdf

18.2.3. ⚙ Normen#

18.2.4. Sekundärliteratur#

🕮 Adams 1996: The Ultimate Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams. Wings Books, 1996. ISBN 0517149257, 9780517149256.
🕮 AHRQ TeamSTEPPS 2024: TeamSTEPPS 3.0: Curriculum Materials and Tools Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Überarbeitet 2024. TeamSTEPPS 3.0 TeamSTEPPS Tools

Werkzeuge für Closed-Loop-Kommunikation, Teamführung, Huddles, Speak-up und Debriefing.
🕮 Argelander 2009: Das Erstinterview in der Psychotherapie. by Argelander, Hermann. 1. Auflage, 2009. WBG – Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
🕮 Battegay 2: Handwörterbuch der Psychiatrie von Battegay, Raymond (HG). 2. Auflage, 1992. Ferdinand Enke Verlag.
🕮 Baxter FloSeal IFU: FLOSEAL Hemostatic Matrix – Instructions for Use und Sicherheitsinformationen Baxter Healthcare. Volltext: Baxter – FLOSEAL (inklusive Gebrauchsanweisung)

Keine Aspiration der FLOSEAL-Matrix in extrakorporale oder autologe Blutrückgewinnungskreisläufe (MAT!).
🕮 Bengel 2: Psychologie in Notfallmedizin Und Rettungsdienst von Bengel, J. (HG) 2. Auflage, 2004. Springer.
🕮 Bergner 9: Burn-Out Bei Ärzten: Lebensaufgabe Statt Lebens-Aufgabe von Bergner, Thomas. 9. Auflage, 2004.
🕮 Biergans Wundversorgung 2: Wundversorgung für die Pflege: Ein Praxisbuch by Anette Vasel-Biergans und Wiltrud Probst. 2. Auflage, 2011. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart.
🕮 Bocca-Tjeertes 2021: Medical algorithm: Peri-operative management of mastocytosis patients by Bocca-Tjeertes I. F. A. et al. Allergy. 2021;76(10):3233–3235. PMID: 33948959 DOI: 10.1111/all.14891

Empfiehlt eine an Anaphylaxievorgeschichte und Ausdehnung der Erkrankung orientierte Prämedikation statt pauschaler Medikamentenverbote.
🕮 Burisch 1994: Das Burnout-Syndrom – Theorie der inneren Erschöpfung von Burisch, M. 1. Auflage, 1994. Springer.
🕮 Burisch 2006: by Burisch. Das Burnout-Syndrom – Theorie der inneren Erschöpfung 3. Auflage, 2006. Springer.
🕮 Dahmer GF 5: Gesprächsführung – Eine Praktische Anleitung von Dahmer, Hella und Jürgen Dahmer: 2003. 5. Auflage, Thieme.
🕮 DavisonKlinPsy 1988: Klinische Psychologie. by Davison, G. C. und J. M. Neale, eds: 1988. PVU.
🕮 EcgEmergencyDec 2: The Ecg in Emergency Decision Making by Wells, Hein J. J. and Mary Conover 2nd ed. 2006. Saunders Elsevier.
🕮 Fachinformation Anticholium AT 2023: Anticholium Ampullen – Fachinformation (Zusammenfassung der Merkmale des Arzneimittels) Dr. Franz Köhler Chemie GmbH. Österreichische Fachinformation, Stand 11/2023, Zulassungsnummer 1-21271. Fachinformation

Anticholium ist für das postoperative zentrale anticholinerge Syndrom bei Erwachsenen indiziert; die Fachinformation beschreibt Dosierung, Wiederholungsintervall und Gegenanzeigen.
🕮 Fachinformation Kalymin 10 N 2023: Kalymin™ 10 N 10 mg Filmtabletten – Fachinformation HORMOSAN Pharma GmbH. Oktober 2023. Fachinformation

Die Überdosierung von Pyridostigmin kann zu muskarinischen Symptomen und lebensbedrohlicher Atemlähmung führen; Atropin wirkt nicht gegen die nikotinischen Symptome.
🕮 Frieling 2: Lehrbuch Arbeitspsychologie von Frieling und Sonntag (HG). 2. Auflage, 1999. Huber.
🕮 Grassberger 1: Todesermittlung von Grassberger, Martin und Harald Schmid. 1. Auflage, 2009. Springer.
🕮 Heck KM AN 2: Klinikmanual Anästhesie von Heck M, Fresenius M, Busch C. \2. Auflage. Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-55440-7_48. PMCID: PMC7123912.
🕮 Hochmeister 2: Forensische Medizin für Studium und Praxis by Manfred Hochmeister, Martin Grassberger und Thomas Stimpfl. 2. Auflage, 2007. Maudrich.
🕮 Kaindl 7: Elektro-Komiko-Graphie by Kaindl, F. und P. Kühn. 7. Auflage, 1997. Maudrich.
🕮 Kirschnick 2: by Kirschnick, Olaf. Pflegetechniken von a – Z. Schritt Für Schrittin Wort Und Bild. 2. Auflage, 2003. Thieme.
🕮 Lippert 4: Die Lateinische Diagnose in Der Unfallchirurgie und ihren Grenzgebieten von Lippert, Désirée. 4. Auflage, 2010. Allgemeine Unfallversicheurngsanstalt Wien (AUVA). http://www.auva.at/mediaDB/704539_Lateinische_Diagnose.pdf.
🕮 LivaNova XTRA 2026: Xtra Autotransfusion System – Produktinformation und Sicherheitsangaben LivaNova, 2026. URL: LivaNova – Xtra Autotransfusion System Produktbroschüre: XTRA-Bowlgrößen

Gerätefunktion und verfügbares Zubehör des XTRA-Autotransfusionssystems; Glockenvolumina 55, 125, 175 und 225 mL gemäß Herstellerprogramm.
🕮 LivaNova XTRA Manual: SORIN XTRA Operator’s Manual – Software Version 2.00, 20077/021 US LivaNova Deutschland GmbH. Volltext: XTRA Operator’s Manual, US-Ausgabe (PDF)

Empfehlungen zu 20–40-µm-Mikroaggregatfiltern, Retransfusion und Luftembolieprävention; lokale Softwareversion und aktuelle IFU sind maßgeblich.
🕮 NBK500032: Physiology, Glomerular Filtration Rate by Daniel P. Kaufman et al. StatPearls. 2023;. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500032/
🕮 OeBB Einsatz Gleis 2023: Einsatz im ÖBB-Gleisbereich von ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG, 1020 Wien, Praterstern 3. Im Selbstverlag der ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG. Version 2a vom 09.06.2023. https://infrastruktur.oebb.at/de/dam/jcr:f769c34e-6bd8-4e34-afc7-e76192eedb06/infra-handbuch-einsatz-im-gleisbereich-oebb.pdf
🕮 PerClot IFU 2019: PerClot Polysaccharide Hemostatic System – Instructions for Use Starch Medical Inc., Ausgabe 2019. Volltext: PerClot – Gebrauchsanweisung

Partikeleintrag in extrakorporale und Autotransfusionskreisläufe vermeiden; Hinweise auf Zellwäsche und 40-µm-Filtration in der vorliegenden IFU.
🕮 Pschyrembel 259: Pschyrembel Klinisches Wörterbuch by Pschyrembel, Willibald (HG.) 259. Auflage, 2002. de Gruyter.
🕮 Rall CRM Intensiv 2025: Crew Resource Management (CRM) in der Intensivmedizin: Strategien zur Fehlervermeidung und Optimierung der Teamarbeit von Marcus Rall, Maria Reden, Sascha Langewand und Rolf Dubb. Kohlhammer, 2025. ISBN: 978-3-17-043690-9. Verlagsinformation

CRM-Leitsätze, Teamressourcen und Anwendung in der Intensivmedizin.
🕮 Schabus 1: Das Knie. Der Ratgeber für das Verletzte Knie: by Diagnostik - Therapie - Rehabilitation bei Verletzungen des Kniegelenks von Schabus, Rudolf und Elisabeth Bosina. 1. Auflage, 2007. Springer, Wien.
🕮 Thun 1981: Störungen und Klärungen. Allgemeine Psychologie der Kommunikation. by Thun, Friedemann Schulz von. Bd. 1 aus der Serie Miteinander Reden. 46. Auflage, 1981. Differentielle Psychologie der Kommunikation. rororo.
🕮 Thun 1989: Stile, Werte Und Persönlichkeitsentwicklung. Differentielle Psychologie Der Kommunikation. von Thun, Friedemann Schulz von. Bd. 2. aus der Serie Miteinander Reden. 30. Auflage, 1989. rororo.
🕮 Thun 2010: Das “Innere Team” und situationsgerechte Kommunikation. Differentielle Psychologie der Kommunikation. von Thun, Friedemann Schulz von. Bd. 3. aus der Serie Miteinander Reden. 19. Auflage, 2010. rororo.
🕮 UKCPA Perioperative Medicines: Handbook of Perioperative Medicines by UK Clinical Pharmacy Association (UKCPA). Laufend gepflegtes digitales Fachhandbuch.

Pharmakologische Angaben zur Fortführung der Levothyroxin- und Carbamazepintherapie sowie zu perioperativen Risiken und Wechselwirkungen.
🕮 UKTIS Valproat 2026: Use of Sodium Valproate in Pregnancy UK Teratology Information Service (UKTIS). Version 4.1, Oktober 2026. https://uktis.org/monographs/use-of-sodium-valproate-in-pregnancy/

Valproat ist ein gesichert humanteratogener Wirkstoff und mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Fehlbildungen und Entwicklungsstörungen verbunden.
🕮 UKTIS Tetracycline 2024: Use of Tetracyclines in Pregnancy UK Teratology Information Service (UKTIS). Version 2.0, Juni 2024. https://uktis.org/monographs/use-of-tetracycline-in-pregnancy/

Die Einnahme im zweiten und dritten Trimenon kann zu bleibender Zahnverfärbung führen; eine Exposition im ersten Trimenon ist nicht überzeugend mit Fehlbildungen assoziiert.
🕮 UKTIS Metronidazol 2022: Use of Metronidazole in Pregnancy UK Teratology Information Service (UKTIS). Version 4, Oktober 2022. https://uktis.org/monographs/use-of-metronidazole-in-pregnancy/

Die verfügbaren Humanstudien zeigen insgesamt kein erhöhtes Risiko angeborener Fehlbildungen nach Metronidazolexposition.
🕮 Utah Poison Control Physostigmin 2023: Physostigmine (Antilirium) – Fast Facts Utah Poison Control Center, University of Utah Health. Stand 08.11.2023. Informationsblatt

Bei Verdacht auf trizyklische Antidepressiva oder Natriumkanalblockade mit verbreitertem QRS besteht ein relevantes Risiko schwerer kardialer Komplikationen unter Physostigmin.
🕮 WHO Surgical Checklist 2009: Implementation Manual WHO Surgical Safety Checklist 2009: Safe Surgery Saves Lives World Health Organization. Geneva, 2009. ISBN: 978-92-4-159859-0. WHO – Implementation Manual

Sign In, Time Out und Sign Out als standardisierte interprofessionelle Sicherheitsabfragen.

18.2.5. 🗎 Primär- und sonstige Literatur#

🗎 Abrishami 2025

The Role of Preemptive Perioperative Analgesia in Prevention of Chronic Phantom Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Abrishami R. et al. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2025;39:92. PMID: 41089633 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.39.92

Systematische Übersichtsarbeit mit geringer Evidenzsicherheit; für Ketamin und mehrere andere perioperative Pharmakotherapien ergab sich kein überzeugender Nachweis einer langfristigen Phantomschmerzprävention.

🗎 ADR 2011

by Economic Commission for Europe, Committee on Inland Transport, ed. 2010. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road. United Nations. http://live.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adr/adr2011/11contentse.html.

🗎 Ambalavanan 2025

Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants by Ambalavanan N. et al. Pediatrics. 2025;155(5):e2025071425. PMID: 40288780 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2025-071425

Der AAP-Klinikbericht empfiehlt keine routinemäßige prophylaktische oder frühe PDA-Verschlussbehandlung; bei einem später persistierenden hämodynamisch relevanten PDA sind individuelle konservative, medikamentöse und interventionelle Optionen abzuwägen.

🗎 Anderson 2019

Food, fads, allergies and anaphylaxis with propofol. By Anderson BJet al. Anaesthesia 2019; 74: 1223–1226. DOI: 10.1111/anae.14749

🗎 Andriolo 2015

Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients by Brenda N G Andriolo et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Jan 12;1(1):CD007271. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd007271.pub3

🗎 Antonovsky Salutogenese

Salutogenese: by Zur Entmystifizierung der Gesundheit. by Antonovsky, A. 1997, Tübingen. Dgvt-Verl.

🗎 ASA 2003

Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Difficult Airway Management. Anesthesiology May 2003, Vol. 98, 1269–1277. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200305000-00032

🗎 Asai 2005

The Laryngeal Tube. by Asai, T. and K. Shingu. Br J Anaesth 2005:95(6), 10-15, 729–36. doi:10.1093/bja/aei269.

🗎 Asai 2005b

Appropriate cuff volumes of the Laryngeal Tube. by Takashi Asai and Koh Shingu. Anaesthesia, 2005;60(5):486–489. PMID: 15819769, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.04107.x

🗎 Barrachina 2016

Barrachina, B.; Lopez-Picado, A. et al.: Tranexamic Acid Compared with Placebo for Reducing Total Blood Loss in Hip Replacement Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2016, 122, 986-95.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces bleeding in patients undergoing hip replacement surgery, but optimal doses and timing have yet to be established. Our primary objective in this study was to assess total blood loss 48 hours after surgery with different regimens.

CONCLUSIONS: A single preoperative dose of TXA or 2 infusions of a lower dose, preoperatively and then after 3 hours after the start of surgery, resulted in lower blood loss during the first 2 days after surgery and less need for blood transfusion, with good levels of safety.

🗎 Barud 2025

Anesthesia for robot-assisted surgery: a review by Barud M. et al. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2025;57(1):99–107. PMID: 40420612 DOI: 10.5114/ait/203168

Übersicht über respiratorische und hämodynamische Auswirkungen von Pneumoperitoneum und ausgeprägter Trendelenburg-Lagerung bei robotisch assistierten Eingriffen.

🗎 BASG Metamizol 2024

Mitteilung des Bundesamtes für Sicherheit im Gesundheitswesen über Maßnahmen zur Gewährleistung der Arzneimittelsicherheit: Wichtige Information des Bundesamtes für Sicherheit im Gesundheitswesen über wichtige Maßnahmen zur Minimierung der schwerwiegenden Folgen des bekannten Risikos einer Agranulozytose beim Wirkstoff Metamizol. Bundesamt für Sicherheit im Gesundheitswesen. 12.12.2024. https://www.basg.gv.at/fileadmin/redakteure/06_Gesundheitsberufe/DHPC/2024/241212_Metamizol.pdf

Patienten, die mit Metamizol behandelt werden, müssen über Folgendes informiert werden: Frühsymptome einer möglichen Agranulozytose beinhalten Fieber, Schüttelfrost, Halsschmerzen und schmerzhafte Schleimhautveränderungen, insbesondere im Mund-, Nasen- und Rachenraum oder im Genital- oder Analbereich Eine routinemäßige Überwachung des Blutbildes bei Patienten, die mit metamizolhaltigen Arzneimitteln behandelt werden, wird nicht mehr empfohlen.

🗎 Baulig 2008

In vitro evaluation of the CeVOX continuous central venous oxygenation monitoring system by Baulig, W. et al. Anaesthesia, 63(4), 412–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05376.x

🗎 Bergman 2009

Myocardial FFA metabolism during rest and atrial pacing in humans by Bryan C. Bergman et al. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009;296:E358–E366. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90747.2008

Coronary sinus blood flow 196 ml/min ±34

🗎 Bernhard 2012

Developing the Skill of Endotracheal Intubation: by Implication for Emergency Medicine. by Bernhard, M., S. Mohr, M. A. Weigand, E. Martin and A. Walther. 2012. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 56 (2). Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Germany. mailto:michelbernhard@gmx.de: by 164–71. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02547.x.

🗎 Beneker 2004

Die Präklinische Versorgung von Verbrennungspatienten. by Beneker, J. und D. Martens. Intensivmedizin Und Notfallmedizin 2004:41(8), 543–54. doi:10.1007/s00390-004-0515-3.

🗎 Bellomo 2000

Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial by Rinaldo Bellomo et al. Lancet. 2000 Dec;356(9248):2139-2143. PMID: 11191541. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03495-4

In critically ill patients with early renal dysfunction, low-dose dopamine did not improve renal function, reduce the need for renal replacement therapy, or improve survival.

🗎 Bernhard 2014

Prehospital airway management using the laryngeal tube. An emergency department point of view. by M. Bernhard et al. Der Anaesthesist, 2014;63(7):589–596. PMID: 24981153, DOI: 10.1007/s00101-014-2348-1

🗎 Biro 1997

Dosisabhängige Effekte der oralen Prämedikation mit Midazolam by Biro P. et al. Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 1997;32(11):672–677. PMID: 9498887 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-995134

Randomisierte Dosisvergleichsstudie zur oralen Midazolam-Prämedikation bei Erwachsenen mit großer interindividueller Variabilität.

🗎 BmgEbolaFalldefinition 20141028

EU-Falldefinition einer Ebola-Viruserkrankung (Ebola Virus Disease - Evd). Von Bundesministerium für Gesundheit. 2014a. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit; online. October. http://www.bmg.gv.at/cms/home/attachments/8/5/4/CH1082/CMS1412756859685/fall_definition_ebola.pdf.

🗎 BmgEbolaFactsheet 20141103

Informationsblatt Zu Ebola. Von 2014b. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit; online. November. http://www.bmg.gv.at/cms/home/attachments/2/1/6/CH1075/CMS1413795509746/ebola_factsheet.pdf.

🗎 Brott 2026

Medical Management and Revascularization for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis by Brott TG. et al. N Engl J Med. 2026;394(3):219–231. Online publiziert am 21. November 2025. PMID: 41269206 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2508800

CREST-2: Bei asymptomatischer hochgradiger Karotisstenose zeigte zusätzliches Stenting nach vier Jahren einen signifikanten Vorteil beim kombinierten primären Endpunkt; für TEA war der Unterschied nicht signifikant.

🗎 Boet 2014

Transfer of learning and patient outcome in simulated crisis resource management: a systematic review by Sylvain Boet et al. Can J Anaesth. 2014;61(6):571–582. PMID: 24664414 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-014-0143-8

Simulationsbasiertes CRM-Training kann Teamverhalten im klinischen Alltag verbessern; Evidenz für verbesserte Patientenoutcomes begrenzt.

🗎 Bonnin 1993

Distinct criteria for termination of resuscitation in the out-of-hospital setting. by M. J. Bonnin et al. JAMA, 1993(270):1457-1462. PMID: 8204131, DOI: 10.1001/jama.1993.03510120079035

🗎 Buckley 2011

Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. by N. A. Buckley et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011(2011):CD002041. PMID: 21491385, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002041.pub3

Existing randomised trials do not establish whether the administration of HBO to patients with carbon monoxide poisoning reduces the incidence of adverse neurologic outcomes.

🗎 Casey 2026

Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults by Jonathan D. Casey et al. New England Journal of Medicine. 2026;394:1608–1620. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2511420

Among critically ill adults undergoing tracheal intubation, the use of ketamine to induce anesthesia did not result in a significantly lower incidence of in-hospital death by day 28 than etomidate.

Citation needed

🗎 Chang 1987

Chang, J. C.: How to differentiate neoplastic fever from infectious fever in patients with cancer: usefulness of the naproxen test. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care, 1987, 16, 122-7

🗎 Chauhan 2016

Nasal intubation: A comprehensive review. by Chauhan V, Acharya G. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2016 Nov;20(11):662-667. doi: 10.4103/0972-5229.194013. PMID: 27994382; PMCID: PMC5144529.

🗎 Chen 2013

Low-dose dopamine or low-dose nesiritide in acute heart failure with renal dysfunction: the ROSE acute heart failure randomized trial by Horng H. Chen et al. JAMA. 2013 Dec 18;310(23):2533-2543. PMID: 24247300. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.282190

In patients with acute heart failure and renal dysfunction, low-dose dopamine added to diuretic therapy did not improve decongestion or preserve renal function.

🗎 Chemsian 2014

Videolaryngoscopy. by Chemsian R, Bhananker S, Ramaiah R. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2014 Jan;4(1):35-41. doi: 10.4103/2229-5151.128011. PMID: 24741496; PMCID: PMC3982369.

🗎 Choi 2005

Value of gastrografin in adhesive small bowel obstruction after unsuccessful conservative treatment: a prospective evaluation. by Hok-Kwok Choi et al. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun 28;11(24):3742-5. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i24.3742. PMID: 15968731; PMCID: PMC4316027.

The use of gastrografin in adhesive small bowel obstruction after unsuccessful conservative treatment is safe and reduces the need for surgical intervention.

🗎 Cobas 2009

Prehospital intubations and mortality: a level 1 trauma center perspective. by M. A. Cobas et al. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009(109):489-493. PMID: 19608824, DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181aa3063

🗎 CRASH-3

Effects of tranexamic acid on death, disability, vascular occlusive events and other morbidities in patients with acute traumatic brain injury (CRASH-3): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial by The CRASH-3 trial collaborators. Lancet 2019; 394: 1713–23 Published Online, October 14, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32233-0

🗎 Curran-Everett 2006

A classic learning opportunity from Fenn, Rahn, and Otis (1946): the alveolar gas equation by Curran-Everett D. Advan in Physiol Edu. 2006 Jun ;30(2):58-62. doi: 10.1152/advan.00076.2005.

🗎 Cuthbertson 2009

The effects of etomidate on adrenal responsiveness and mortality in patients with septic shock. by Cuthbertson et al. Intensive Care Medicine. 2009:35, 1868—1876. doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1603-4.

🗎 Cutler 2009

Investigation of the first cases of human-to-human infection with the new swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in Canada. by J. Cutler et al. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne, 2009(181):159-163. PMID: 19620268, DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.090859

🗎 Damman 2017

2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: comments from the Dutch ACS working group. by Damman, P.; van ‚t Hof, A. W. et al. Netherlands heart journal : monthly journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation, 2017, 25, 181-185.

🗎 Davydow 2009a

Davydow, D. S.; Katon, W. J. & Zatzick, D. F.: Psychiatric morbidity and functional impairments in survivors of burns, traumatic injuries, and ICU stays for other critical illnesses: a review of the literature. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 2009, 21, 531-538.

We found that PTSD and depressive symptoms are quite prevalent in these patient groups. We also examined potential risk factors for psychiatric morbidity and impaired function in all three patient groups, and conclude that patient-specific and acute care factors, in addition to early post-acute care psychiatric symptoms, may convey risk for subsequent psychopathology and diminished function.

🗎 Davydow 2009b

Davydow, D. S.; Zatzick, D. F. et a.: Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and return to usual major activity in traumatically injured intensive care unit survivors. General hospital psychiatry, 2009, 31, 428-435.

Approximately 25% of ICU survivors had symptoms suggestive of PTSD. Increased early post-ICU distress predicted both PTSD and diminished usual major activity. Pulmonary artery catheter insertion [risk ratio (RR) 1.28, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.05-1.57, P=.01] and pre-ICU depression (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02-1.49, P=.03) were associated with PTSD. Longer ICU lengths of stay (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.03-1.44, P=.02) and tracheostomy (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.05-1.59, P=.01) were associated with diminished usual activity. Greater preexisting medical comorbidities were associated with PTSD and limited return to usual activity.

🗎 Davydow 2009c

Davydow, D. S.; Gifford, J. M. et al.: Depression in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review. Intensive care medicine, 2009, 35, 796-809.

The median point prevalence of “clinically significant” depressive symptoms was 28% (total n = 1,213). Neither sex nor age were consistent risk factors for post-ICU depression, and severity of illness at ICU admission was consistently not a risk factor. Early post-ICU depressive symptoms were a strong risk factor for subsequent depressive symptoms. Post-ICU depressive symptoms were associated with substantially lower HRQOL. Depressive symptoms are common in general ICU survivors and negatively impact HRQOL. Future studies should address how factors related to individual patients, critical illness and post-ICU recovery are associated with depression in ICU survivors.

🗎 Davydow 2009d

Davydow, D. S. & Zatzick, D. F.: Surviving critical illness is not without its perils: a perspective on depression in acute lung injury survivors. Critical care medicine, 2009, 37, 1817-1818.

🗎 Davydow 2010

Davydow, D. S.; Richardson, L. P. et al.: Psychiatric morbidity in pediatric critical illness survivors: a comprehensive review of the literature. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 2010, 164, 377-385.

To review the prevalence of psychiatric syndromes in pediatric critical illness survivors as well as to summarize data on vulnerabilities and pediatric intensive care unit exposures that may increase risk of developing these syndromes. MEDLINE (1966-2009), the Cochrane Library (2009, issue 3), and PsycINFO (1967-2009) as of August 9, 2009. Case-control, cross-sectional, prospective cohort and retrospective cohort studies as well as randomized controlled trials. Hospitalization for the treatment of a critical illness. Assessments of psychiatric symptoms/disorders at least once after discharge. Seventeen studies were eligible. The most commonly assessed psychiatric disorders were posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Psychiatric morbidity appears to be a substantial problem for pediatric critical illness survivors.

🗎 De Backer 2018

Daniel De Backer and Jean-Louis Vincent: Should we measure the central venous pressure to guide fluid management? Ten answers to 10 questions. Crit Care. 2018; 22: 43. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13054-018-1959-3

🗎 De Backer 2010

Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock by Daniel De Backer et al. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):779-789. PMID: 20200382. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907118

Dopamine was associated with significantly more arrhythmic events than norepinephrine, without a significant difference in overall 28-day mortality. In the predefined subgroup of patients with cardiogenic shock, dopamine was associated with increased mortality.

🗎 Dengler 2011

Prehospital Airway Management of Laryngeal Tubes. Should the Laryngeal Tube S with Gastric Drain Tube Be Preferred in Emergency Medicine? by Dengler, V. et al. Anaesthesist 2011. 60 (2). doi:10.1007/s00101-010-1774-y.

🗎 DerPhy

Deranged Physiology by Alex Yartsev. https://derangedphysiology.com/

🗎 Devlin 2018

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU by Devlin JW. et al. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):e825–e873. PMID: 30113379 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299

PADIS-Leitlinie zur Prävention, Diagnostik und Therapie von Schmerz, Sedierung, Delir, Immobilität und Schlafstörungen bei erwachsenen Intensivpatienten.

🗎 Drotarova 2023

Basic Principles of Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM (®)) and the Role of ROTEM-Guided Fibrinogen Replacement Therapy in the Management of Coagulopathies. by M. Drotarova et al. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2023(13). PMID: 37892040, DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203219

🗎 Edwards 2005

Edwards P et al.: Final results of MRC CRASH. Lancet 2005:1957.

🗎 Eisenburger 2008

by Eisenburger, P., C. Havel, F. Sterz, T. Uray, A. Zeiner, M. Haugk, H. Losert, A. N. Laggner and H. Herkner. Transport with Ongoing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation May Not Be Futile. Br J Anaesth 2008:101 (4).: by 518–22. doi:10.1093/bja/aen209.

🗎 Eismann 2019

Impact of the laryngeal tube as supraglottic airway device on blood flow of the internal carotid artery in patients undergoing general anaesthesia. by Hendrik Eismann et al. Resuscitation, 2019;138:141–145. PMID: 30885823, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.010

🗎 EkgOnline

EKG Online. Webseite http://www.ekg-online.de.

🗎 Ely 2001

Delirium in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: Validity and Reliability of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) by Ely EW. et al. JAMA. 2001;286(21):2703–2710. PMID: 11730446 DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.21.2703

Validierungsstudie des CAM-ICU als Instrument zur standardisierten Delirdiagnostik bei mechanisch beatmeten Intensivpatienten.

🗎 ENMC Neuromusk 2022

European Neuromuscular Centre consensus statement on anaesthesia in patients with neuromuscular disorders by van den Bersselaar LR. et al. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29(12):3486–3507. DOI: 10.1111/ene.15526 Volltext: PubMed Central

Neuromuskuläre Erkrankungen erfordern differenzierte Anästhesieverfahren; Succinylcholinrisiken, anästhesieassoziierte Rhabdomyolyse und MH-Suszeptibilität sind zu unterscheiden.

🗎 Engelmann 2014

“Tarragona-Strategie”: Adäquate Antibiotikatherapie auf der Intensivstation by Lothar Engelmann et al. Wiener klinisches Magazin. 2014;17:24–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00740-014-0027-0

🗎 Enne 2012

Notkompetenzen in Österreich: Der aktuelle Stand zehn Jahre nach Einführung des Sanitätergesetzes by A. Enne. Rettungsdienst, 2012(7):43—45.

🗎 ERC 2021 01

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Executive summary by G. D. Perkins et al. Resuscitation, 2021(161):1-60. Elsevier BV, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.003

🗎 ERC 2021 02

Jan-Thorsten Gräsner et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Epidemiology of cardiac arrest in Europe. Resuscitation 161:61-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.007

🗎 ERC 2021 03

Federico Semeraro et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Systems saving lives. Resuscitation 161:80-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.008

🗎 ERC 2021 04

Theresa M. Olasveengen et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Basic Life Support. Resuscitation 161:98-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009

🗎 ERC 2021 05

Jasmeet Soar et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 161:115-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.010

🗎 ERC 2021 06

Carsten Lott et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation 161:152-219, April 01, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011

🗎 ERC 2021 07

Jerry P. Nolan et al.: European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Guidelines 2021: Post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation 161:220-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.012

🗎 ERC 2021 08

David A. Zideman et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: First aid. Resuscitation 161:270-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.013

🗎 ERC 2021 09

John Madar et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Newborn resuscitation and support of transition of infants at birth. Resuscitation 161:291-326, April 01, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.014

🗎 ERC 2021 10

Patrick Van de Voorde et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Paediatric Life Support. Resuscitation 161:327-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.015

🗎 ERC 2021 11

Robert Greif et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Education for resuscitation. Resuscitation 161:388-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.016

🗎 ERC 2021 12

Spyros D. Mentzelopoulos et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Ethics of resuscitation and end of life decisions. Resuscitation 161:408-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.017

🗎 ESC NSTEMI 2015/16

by Damman, P.; van ‚t Hof, A. W. et al.: 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: by comments from the Dutch ACS working group. Netherlands heart journal : by monthly journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation, 2017, 25, 181-185.

🗎 Engelhard 2021

Nichtinvasives Neuromonitoring in der Anästhesie von Kristin Engelhard. Anästh Intensivmed 2021;410–416. https://doi.org/10.19224/ai2021.410

🗎 Eskesen 2016

Systematic review including re-analyses of 1148 individual data sets of central venous pressure as a predictor of fluid responsiveness by T G Eskesen. Intensive Care Med. 2016 Mar;42(3):324-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-4168-4

In a re-analysis of 1148 patient data sets, specific lower and higher CVP values had some positive and negative predictive value for fluid responsiveness, respectively, but predictive values were low for all specific CVP values assessed.*

🗎 EurSafety

EurSafety Health-Net Projekt. Euregionales Netzwerk für Patientensicherheit und Infektionsschutz. Webseite. https://eursafety.eu/

🗎 Evered 2018

Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery—2018 by Evered L. et al. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121(5):1005–1012. PMID: 30336844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.087

Konsensusnomenklatur zur Unterscheidung von postoperativem Delir, verzögerter neurokognitiver Erholung bis 30 Tage und postoperativen neurokognitiven Störungen bis zwölf Monate.

🗎 Fernandez 2012

Water for wound cleansing. by R. Fernandez et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012:CD003861. PMID: 22336796, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003861.pub3

🗎 Fernandez 2022

Water for wound cleansing. by R. Fernandez et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022(9):CD003861. PMID: 36103365, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003861.pub4

Using tap water compared with no cleansing may make little or no difference to wound healing, while there are no data on wound infection. The impact of using tap water compared with saline for wound cleansing on both infection and wound healing is uncertain.

🗎 Fernando 2018

Prognostic Accuracy of the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment for Mortality in Patients With Suspected Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Shannon M Fernando et al. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Feb 20;168(4):266-275. https://doi.org/10.7326/m17-2820

qSOFA had poor sensitivity and moderate specificity for short-term mortality. The SIRS criteria had sensitivity superior to that of qSOFA, supporting their use for screening of patients and as a prompt for treatment initiation.

🗎 FI AmiodaronHameln 2020

Amiodaron-hameln 50 mg / ml Konzentrat zur Herstellung einer Injektions- /Infusionslösung. by Fachinformation Dezember 2020. hameln pharma gmbh. https://aspregister.basg.gv.at/document/servlet?action=show&zulnr=138341&type=DOTC_FACH_INFO

🗎 Fieger 2011

Intraabdominelle Vakuumtherapie des offenen Abdomens – Eine retrospektive Analyse von 82 konsekutiven Patienten von Fieger, A. J. et al. Zentralblatt für Chirurgie - Zeitschrift für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie 2011; 136(01): 56 - 60. DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1247376

🗎 FloTrac 2020

FloTrac Algorithm. Calculating stroke volume and cardiac output getting mL/beat from mmHg. By John A. Frazier and Feras Hatib on behalf of Edwards Lifesciences. 2020, One Edwards Way, Irvine CA 92614 USA. https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com/6239a81e-8f0f-0040-a1df-b4932a10f6ae/6b01b5e6-2399-4d7a-ac6e-31e6a8f06a73/flotracalgorithmwhitepaper.pdf

🗎 Fowler 2023

The 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases Criteria for Infective Endocarditis: Updating the Modified Duke Criteria by Fowler V. G. et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(4):518–526. PMID: 37138445 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad271

Überarbeitet die Duke-Kriterien zur Diagnostik der infektiösen Endokarditis anhand aktueller mikrobiologischer, bildgebender, klinischer und chirurgischer Befunde.

🗎 Friedrich 2005

Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death by Jan O. Friedrich et al. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 5;142(7):510-524. PMID: 15809463. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-142-7-200504050-00010

Across 61 trials involving 3,359 patients, low-dose dopamine transiently increased urine output but did not reduce mortality or the need for renal replacement therapy.

🗎 Gaither 2010

Tongue engorgement associated with prolonged use of the King-LT laryngeal tube device. by Joshua B. Gaither et al. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2010;55(4):367–369. PMID: 19695741, DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.07.009

🗎 GALA 2008

General anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial by GALA Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2008;372(9656):2132–2142. PMID: 19041130 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61699-2

Keine signifikante Differenz des perioperativen kombinierten Endpunkts aus Schlaganfall, Myokardinfarkt und Tod zwischen Allgemein- und Lokalanästhesie bei Karotisoperationen.

🗎 Genzwuerker 2007

Genzwuerker, Harald V.: Unavailability of Capnometry: A Legal Issue Anesth Analg 2007:105(4),: 1167; author reply 1169. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000278151.76711.c1.

🗎 Gilchrist 2015

De-implementing the Allen’s Test by Ian C Gilchrist and Sunil V Rao. J Invasive Cardiol. 2015 May;27(5):E74. https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/jic/articles/de-implementing-allens-test

Early pioneers of transradial procedures used collateral testing out of an abundance of caution to eliminate or reduce potential risks as they explored a new approach to catheterization. It is now clear that collateral testing for triage decisions regarding access site is not helpful and likely will prevent patients who can benefit from radial access from undergoing a safer procedure. While there is still a role for collateral testing in some circumstances for periprocedural management, the use of collateral testing to primarily exclude the use of radial access can be “de-implemented” as it has no scientific support and is not predictive of hand or digital ischemia.*

🗎 Goerg 2018

Assoziation zwischen sozio-ökonomischem Status und Mortalität bei PatientInnen mit ST-Hebungsinfarkt von Simon Görg. Thesis (Diplom). June 2018, Medizinische Universität Wien. URN: urn:nbn:at:at-ubmuw:1-14568. https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubmuw:1-14568

🗎 Gosselin 2016

Evidence-based recommendations on the use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in poisoning by Sophie Gosselin et al. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016 Dec;54(10):899-923. PMID: 27608281. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2016.1214275

The expert workgroup recommended intravenous lipid emulsion for cardiac arrest caused by bupivacaine toxicity. For other local anesthetics, including lidocaine, the recommendations were less definitive because of insufficient clinical evidence.

🗎 Franz 2012

Aseptic tissue necrosis and chronic inflammation after irrigation of penetrating hand wounds using Octenisept®. by T. Franz et al. The Journal of hand surgery, European volume, 2012(37):61-64. PMID: 21816890, DOI: 10.1177/1753193411414353

🗎 Frietsch 2022

Safety of Intraoperative Cell Salvage in Cancer Surgery: An Updated Meta-Analysis of the Current Literature by Frietsch T. et al. Transfus Med Hemother. 2022;49(3):143–157. PMID: 35813601 DOI: 10.1159/000524538

Metaanalyse überwiegend beobachtender Studien ohne Nachweis eines erhöhten Tumorrezidivrisikos durch intraoperative maschinelle Autotransfusion bei onkologischen Eingriffen; Evidenzsicherheit begrenzt.

🗎 Gosselin 2018

International Council for Standardization in Haematology ( ICSH ) Recommendations for Laboratory Measurement of Direct Oral Anticoagulants. by Gosselin RC et al. Thromb Haemost. 2018;118:437-450

🗎 Greimel 2021

Fast-Track in der Hüft- und Kniegelenkendoprothetik von Greimel, F.et al. Orthopäde 50, 333–343 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-021-04071-2

In der Kniegelenkendoprothetik sind derzeit Schmerzkatheterverfahren weit verbreitet […]. Insbesondere bei der prolongierten Verwendung bestehen jedoch wegen der reduzierten sensomotorischen Funktion deutliche Einschränkungen in der Mobilisierbarkeit mit erhöhtem Sturzrisiko […], und sie sind daher im Rahmen von Fast-Track-Konzepten nicht anzuraten.

🗎 Grenvik 1972

Impedance pneumography. Comparison between chest impedance changes and respiratory volumines in 11 healthy volunteers. by Grenvik A, Ballou S, McGinley E, Millen JE, Cooley WL, Safar P. Chest. 1972 Oct;62(4):439-43. doi: 10.1378/chest.62.4.439. PMID: 5077999.

🗎 Grmec 2002

Comparison of Three Different Methods to Confirm Tracheal Tube Placement in Emergency Intubation by Grmec, Stefek. Intensive Care Med 2002:28(6), 701–4. doi:10.1007/s00134-002-1290-x.

🗎 Guerri 2009

Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Alterations in Brain and Behaviour by Guerri, Consuelo, Alissa Bazinet and Edward P Riley. Alcohol Alcohol 2009:44(2), 108–14. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn105.

🗎 Gu 2019

Use of gastrografin in the management of faecal impaction in patients with severe chronic constipation: a randomized clinical trial by Lili Gu et al. ANZ J Surg. 2019 Mar;89(3):239-243. doi: 10.1111/ans.14863. Epub 2018 Oct 8. PMID: 30294848.

Gastrografin given through nasointestinal tube was more effective than enema in the treatment of FI inducing colon obstruction. Gastrografin might be taken into consideration as an effective and safe therapeutic option for FI.

🗎 Häske 2019

Development of an Adapted Model for Decision-Making to Improve Reasoning and Risk Assessment in an Emergency Team: A Prospective Simulation Study by David Häske et al. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(7):339. PMID: 31277516 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070339

Strukturiertes Entscheidungsmodell FAR-BEK als Adaptation von FOR-DEC im Notfallteam.

🗎 Hahn 2013

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists by Hahn, R. T. et al. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2013, 26, 921-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.07.009

🗎 Hansak 2012 07

by Hansak, Peter, Klaus Pesenbacher, Peter Baumgartner und Haris Begovic. 2012. Lachgas Im Rettungsdienst: by Ergebnisse Eines Pilotprojekts. Rettungsdienst – Zeitschrift Für Präklinische Notfallmedizin 35 (7): 50–56.

🗎 Hauser 2018

Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE): contra-indications, complications and safety of perioperative TOE by N. D. Hauser et al. Echo Res Pract, 2018(5):R101-R113. PMID: 30303686, DOI: 10.1530/ERP-18-0047

🗎 Havel 2007

Quality of closed chest compression in ambulance vehicles, flying helicopters and at the scene. by C. Havel et al. Resuscitation, 2007(73):264-270. PMID: 17276575, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.09.007

Compared to resuscitation at the scene, efficiency of chest compressions during a helicopter flight was 86% and 95% in the moving ambulance 95%. There were no differences in secondary outcomes (time without chest compression, total number of incorrect hand position relative to total compressions, and total number of incorrect pressure release relative to total compressions). Resuscitation during transport is feasible and relatively efficient.

🗎 Hemphill 2019

Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports by Scott Hemphill et al. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 122 (4): 448—459 (2019). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.025

🗎 Heringlake 2021

Klinischer Stellenwert der Zerebraloxymetrie mithilfe der NIRS 2.0 von Matthias Heringlake et al. Der Anaesthesist. 2021;70:187–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-020-00903-6

🗎 Herwanto 2019

Accuracy of Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score to Predict Sepsis Mortality in 121 Studies Including 1,716,017 Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Velma Herwanto et al. Crit Care Explor. 2019 Sep 17;1(9):e0043. doi: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000043. eCollection 2019 Sep. https://doi.org/10.1097/cce.0000000000000043

Overall, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score outperforms systemic inflammatory response syndrome in predicting sepsis outcome, but quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score has relative strengths/weaknesses (more specific but less sensitive) compared with systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

🗎 Hoegberg 2016

Systematic review of the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for local anesthetic toxicity by Lotte C. G. Hoegberg et al. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016 Mar;54(3):167-193. PMID: 26853119. DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1121270

Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy is supported primarily by animal experiments and human case reports. The quality of clinical evidence remains very low, and the optimal dosing regimen has not been established by controlled clinical trials.

🗎 Hölle 2023

Zentrales anticholinerges, malignes neuroleptisches und Serotoninsyndrom: Wichtige Differenzialdiagnosen bei postoperativen Bewusstseinsstörungen Hölle T., Purrucker J. C., Morath B., Weigand M. A., Schmitt F. C. F. Die Anaesthesiologie. 2023;72(3):157–165. PMID: 36799968 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-023-01256-6

Das zentrale anticholinerge Syndrom ist eine relevante Differenzialdiagnose postoperativer Bewusstseinsstörungen; mildere Fälle können beobachtet, schwere Verläufe gezielt mit Physostigmin behandelt werden.

🗎 Hulde 2017

Volumenersatzlösungen von Nikolai Hulde, Michaela Schwarz und Markus Rehm in: Die Anästhesiologie. Herausgegeben von Rolf Rossaint, Christian Werner, Bernhard Zwißler. Publiziert am 12.05.2017. Springer e.Medpedia. https://www.springermedizin.de/emedpedia/die-anaesthesiologie/volumenersatzloesungen?epediaDoi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-45539-5_26

🗎 Hussain 2023

Analgesic Effectiveness of Motor-sparing Nerve Blocks for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Network Meta-analysis by Hussain N et al. Anesthesiology. 2023 Oct 1;139(4):444-461. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004667. PMID: 37364292.

The results suggest that continuous ACB, but not single-injection ACB and/or single-injection block at the iPACK, provides statistically superior analgesia when added to LIA for total knee arthroplasty compared to LIA alone. However, the magnitude of these additional analgesic benefits is clinically questionable.

🗎 Hülsemann 2009

[Severe side effects after Octenisept irrigation of penetrating wounds in children]. by W. Hülsemann et al. Handchirurgie, Mikrochirurgie, plastische Chirurgie : Organ der Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Handchirurgie : Organ der Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Mikrochirurgie der Peripheren Nerven und Gefasse : Organ der V…, 2009(41):277-282. PMID: 19790020, DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238282

Zur Verhinderung von Folgeschäden sollten kontaminierte tiefe Wunden an der Hand operativ debridiert und nicht mit dem Antiseptikum Octenisept® gespült werden. Octensept® scheint in nicht abgegrenztem Gewebe® irritativ-toxisch zu wirken. Durch langsamen Abbau verbleibt es lange im Interstitium.

🗎 Ibanez 2017

2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). by Ibanez, B.; James, S.; Agewall, S. et al. European heart journal, 2017. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393

🗎 Ibanez 2018

2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). by Ibanez, B.; James, S. et al. European heart journal, 2018, 39, 119-177.

🗎 IBCC

The Internet Book of Critical Care (IBCC). Josh Farkas: https://emcrit.org/ibcc/toc/

🗎 IGV 2010

by IGV Industriegaseverband e. V. Informationen Zur Euro-Norm Din En 1089-3. Farbkennzeichnung von Gasflaschen in Deutschland. 2010, online: http://www.industriegaseverband.de/igv/weitereigv/igvfarb.pdf.

🗎 Ince 2005

The microcirculation is the motor of sepsis by Can Ince. Critical Care. 2005;9:S13. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc3753

🗎 Jemmett 2003

Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. by Michael E. Jemmett et al. Acad Emerg Med 2003:10(9), 961—965.

🗎 Jones 1973

Recognition of the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Early Infancy. by Jones, K. L. and D. W. Smith. Lancet 1973:302(7836), 999–1001.

🗎 Jones 2004

Emergency Physician-Verified Out-of-Hospital Intubation: by Miss Rates by Paramedics. by Jones, James H., Michael P. Murphy, Robert L. Dickson, Geoff G. Somerville and Edward J. Brizendine. Acad Emerg Med 2004:11(6), 707–9.

🗎 Juurlink 2005

Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. by D. N. Juurlink et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2005:CD002041. PMID: 15674890, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002041.pub2

Of these six trials, four found no benefit of HBO for the reduction of neurologic sequelae, while two others did. Although pooled analysis does not suggest a benefit from HBOT (OR for neurological deficits 0.78, 95%CI 0.54 to 1.12, p=0.18), significant methodologic and statistical heterogeneity was apparent among the trials, and this result should be interpreted cautiously. […] Existing randomized trials do not establish whether the administration of HBO to patients with carbon monoxide poisoning reduces the incidence of adverse neurologic outcomes.

🕮 Khan 2021

Overview and Diagnostic Accuracy of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Carotid Endarterectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Khan JM. et al. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021;62(5):695–704. PMID: 34627675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.08.022

Die diagnostische Sensitivität von NIRS zur Erkennung intraoperativer zerebraler Ischämie bei Karotis-TEA ist begrenzt; universell verlässliche Interventionsschwellen sind nicht gesichert.

🗎 Kalla 2006

Implementation of guidelines improves the standard of care: the Viennese registry on reperfusion strategies in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (Vienna STEMI registry). by K. Kalla et al. Circulation, 2006(113):2398-2405. PMID: 16702474, DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.586198

🗎 Kamolz 2009

Verbrennungen: Diagnose, Therapie und Rehabilitation des thermischen Traumas. by Kamolz, Lars-Peter, David N. Herndon und Marc G. Jeschke. 1. Auflage,2009. Springer, Wien.

🗎 Kaplan 2001

Start with a Subjective Assessment of Skin Temperature to Identify Hypoperfusion in Intensive Care Unit Patients. by Kaplan, L. J., K. McPartland, T. A. Santora and S. Z. Trooskin. J Trauma 2001:50(4), 620–7, discussion 627–8.

🗎 Karutz 2009

Wenn die Belastungsgrenze erreicht ist: Psychologische Selbsthilfe in Extremsituationen by H. Karutz Rettungsdienst, 2009(32)12:1172–7.

🗎 Katz 2001

Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. by S. H. Katz et al. Annals of emergency medicine, 2001(37):32-37. PMID: 11145768, DOI: 10.1067/mem.2001.112098

🗎 Kheterpal 2006

Incidence and predictors of difficult and impossible mask ventilation by Sachin Kheterpal et al. Anesthesiology. 2006 Nov;105(5):885-91. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200611000-00007

During a 24-month period, 22,660 attempts at MV were recorded. 313 cases (1.4%) of grade 3 MV, 37 cases (0.16%) of grade 4 MV, and 84 cases (0.37%) of grade 3 or 4 MV and difficult intubation were observed.

🗎 Kheterpal 2013

Incidence, predictors, and outcome of difficult mask ventilation combined with difficult laryngoscopy: a report from the multicenter perioperative outcomes group by Sachin Kheterpal et al. Anesthesiology. 2013 Dec;119(6):1360-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000435832.39353.20

Six hundred ninety-eight patients experienced the primary outcome, an overall incidence of 0.40%.

🗎 Kim 2019

Effect of endotracheal intubation and supraglottic airway device placement during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on carotid blood flow over resuscitation time: An experimental porcine cardiac arrest study by Tae Han Kim. Resuscitation 2019 Jun;139:269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.04.020

SGD placement was associated with decreased carotid blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in an experimental porcine model. As time passed during prolonged resuscitation, reduction in CBF was aggravated after the transition to SGD placement compared to the reduction after the transition to ETI.*

🗎 Kluger 2020

Tattoo and epidural analgesia: Rise and fall of a myth by Nicolas Kluger and Jean-Christian Sleth. Presse Med 2020 Dec;49(4):104050. PMID: 32768613. DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104050.

🗎 Koppensteiner 2012 08

Lachgas im Rettungsdienst: Die rechtlichen Aspekte by S. Koppensteiner Rettungsdienst, 2012(35:8)

🗎 Kotani 2023

Etomidate as an induction agent for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients: A meta-analysis of randomized trials by Yuki Kotani et al. J Crit Care. 2023 Oct:77:154317. PMID: 37127020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2023.154317

This meta-analysis found a high probability that etomidate increases mortality when used as an induction agent in critically ill patients with a number needed to harm of 31.

🗎 Kowark 2024

Preoperative Midazolam and Patient-Centered Outcomes of Older Patients: The I-PROMOTE Randomized Clinical Trial by Kowark A. et al. JAMA Surg. 2024;159(2):129–138. PMID: 38117527 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.6479

Orales Midazolam 3,750 mg verbesserte gegenüber Placebo die globale perioperative Patientenzufriedenheit älterer Patientinnen und Patienten nicht.

🗎 Kucera 2010

Schlampigkeit Kostet. by Kucera, Mrtin. Kma Das Gesundheitswirtschaftsmagazin 2010:15(2), 56–59.

🗎 Kuehn 2002 1

EKG-Fortbildung. by Kühn, P. Bd. 1. 2002. Verlag Wilhelm Maudrich.

🗎 Kuehn 2003 2

EKG-Fortbildung. by Kühn, P. Bd. 2. 2003. Verlag Wilhelm Maudrich.

🗎 Kuester 1915

Geschichte Der Neueren Deutschen Chirurgie. by Küster, Ernst Vol. 15. Neue Deutsche Chirurgie. 1915. Verlag von Ferdinand Enke in Stuttgart. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39529.

🗎 Langeron 2000

Prediction of difficult mask ventilation by O. Langeron et al. Anesthesiology. 2000 May;92(5):1229-36. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200005000-00009

🗎 Larsen 1984

Impedance pneumography for long-term monitoring of respiration during sleep in adult males. by Larsen VH, Christensen PH, Oxhøj H, Brask T. Clin Physiol. 1984 Aug;4(4):333-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1984.tb00808.x. PMID: 6540645.

🗎 Lau 2023

Perioperative management of mastocytosis by Lau S. et al. J Anesth. 2023;37(5):741–748. PMID: 37466804 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-023-03228-x

In dieser retrospektiven Kohorte waren perioperative anaphylaktische Ereignisse unter fortgeführter antimedikatorischer Behandlung beziehungsweise Prophylaxe selten.

🗎 Laughon 2026

Expectant Management vs Medication for Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants: The PDA Randomized Clinical Trial by Laughon M. M. et al. JAMA. 2026;335(7):588–599. PMID: 41364689 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2025.23330

Bei extrem Frühgeborenen unterschied sich der kombinierte Endpunkt Tod oder bronchopulmonale Dysplasie nicht zwischen abwartendem und medikamentösem Vorgehen; im abwartenden Studienarm war die Sterblichkeit geringer.

🗎 Lazarus 1984

Stress, Appraisal and Coping. by Lazarus, R.S. and S. Folkman (HG.). 1984

Six hundred ninety-eight patients experienced the primary outcome, an overall incidence of 0.40%.

🗎 Lecky 2008

Emergency Intubation for Acutely Ill and Injured Patients. by Lecky, F., D. Bryden, R. Little, N. Tong and C. Moulton. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001429, 2008. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001429.pub2.

🗎 Lee 1999

Derivation and Prospective Validation of a Simple Index for Prediction of Cardiac Risk of Major Noncardiac Surgery by Thomas H. Lee et al. Circulation. 1999;100:1043–1049. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.100.10.1043

In stable patients undergoing nonurgent major noncardiac surgery, this index can identify patients at higher risk for complications. This index may be useful for identification of candidates for further risk stratification with noninvasive technologies or other management strategies, as well as low-risk patients in whom additional evaluation is unlikely to be helpful.

🗎 Lewis 2025

A Focused Update to the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Anxiety, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU by Lewis K. et al. Crit Care Med. 2025;53(3):e711–e727. PMID: 39982143 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000006574

Fokussiertes PADIS-Update mit bedingten Empfehlungen zu Dexmedetomidin, Mobilisierung und Melatonin; für den Einsatz von Antipsychotika zur Delirtherapie konnte weder eine positive noch eine negative Empfehlung ausgesprochen werden.

🕮 Little 2026

Emergency management of postoperative airway obstruction following carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review by Little R., Safar M., Groom P. Anaesth Rep. 2026;14(2):e70107. Online publiziert am 4. Oktober 2026. PMID: 42831222 DOI: 10.1002/anr3.70107

Bei Atemwegsobstruktion nach Karotis-TEA kann eine rasche chirurgische Hämatomentlastung die Atemwegssicherung erleichtern; das Ausmaß des Larynxödems wird klinisch häufig unterschätzt.

🗎 Liu 2020

Comparison of Early Warning Scoring Systems for Hospitalized Patients With and Without Infection at Risk for In-Hospital Mortality and Transfer to the Intensive Care Unit by Vincent X Liu et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e205191. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5191

🗎 Loennecker 2001

[Hypothermia in Patients with Burn Injuries: Influence of Prehospital Treatment] by Lönnecker, S. and V. Schoder. Chirurg 2001:72(2), 164–67.

🗎 Lyon 2010

Field intubation of cardiac arrest patients: by a dying art? by Richard M. Lyon et al. Emerg Med J 2010:27(4) 321–323. DOI: by 10.1136/emj.2009.076737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2009.076737.

🗎 Maniotis 2015

Transradial Approach for Cardiac Catheterization in Patients With Negative Allen’s Test by Christos Maniotis et al. J Invasive Cardiol. 2015 Sep;27(9):416-20. PMID: 26121707.

Transradial approach for coronary angiography and ad hoc angioplasty can be performed with similar efficacy and safety regardless of the Allen’s test results before the procedure.

🗎 Mann 2013

Supraglottic Airway Devices in Emergency Medicine: Impact of Gastric Drainage by Mann, V., S. T. Mann, E. Alejandre-Lafont, R. Röhrig, M. A. Weigand, and M. Müller. Anaesthesist 2013:62(4), 285–92. doi:10.1007/s00101-013-2154-1.

🗎 Manso 2019

Efficacy of oral midazolam for minimal and moderate sedation in pediatric patients: A systematic review by Manso MA. et al. Paediatr Anaesth. 2019;29(11):1094–1106. PMID: 31538393 DOI: 10.1111/pan.13747

Systematischer Review über die Wirksamkeit oraler Midazolam-Prämedikation bei Kindern mit verschiedenen Dosierungen und Zubereitungen; 0,500 mg / kg war die am häufigsten untersuchte Dosis.

🗎 Marik 2008

Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares by Paul E Marik et al. Chest. 2008:134(1), 172-8. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.07-2331

This systematic review demonstrated a very poor relationship between CVP and blood volume as well as the inability of CVP/DeltaCVP to predict the hemodynamic response to a fluid challenge. CVP should not be used to make clinical decisions regarding fluid management.

🗎 Marik 2013

Does the central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? An updated meta-analysis and a plea for some common sense by Paul E Marik and Rodrigo Cavallazzi. Crit Care Med. 2013 Jul;41(7):1774-81. https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e31828a25fd

Conclusions: There are no data to support the widespread practice of using central venous pressure to guide fluid therapy. This approach to fluid resuscitation should be abandoned.

🗎 Marqué 2013

Cardiac output monitoring in septic shock: evaluation of the third-generation Flotrac-Vigileo by Sophie Marqué et al. J Clin Monit Comput. 2013 Jun;27(3):273-9. PMID: 23361128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-013-9431-z

In our study, third-generation Flowtrac-Vigileo appears to be too inaccurate to be recommended for CI monitoring in septic shock.

🗎 Maslach 1982

Burnout. the Cost of Caring. by Maslach, C., ed. 1982. Prentice-Hall.

🗎 Mayr 2019

Flächendeckende 7/24 Infarktversorgung in Niederösterreich (Mostviertel, Waldviertel, Zentralraum) seit 2005 - Ergebnisse einer strukturierten, einheitlichen präklinischen Versorgung von Harald Mayr. 2019. Online: https://www.karl-landsteiner.at/pdf/LT/2019 Mayr.pdf

🗎 Marquardt 2010

by C. Marquardt et al. Evaluation of the tissue toxicity of antiseptics by the hen’s egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane (hetcam). Eur J Med Res 15(5):204–209, May 2010.

🗎 McGee 2003

Preventing complications of central venous catheterization by David C McGee and Michael K Gould. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 20;348(12):1123-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra011883.

More than 15 percent of patients who receive these catheters have complications.

🗎 McMillan 1992

Premedication of children with oral midazolam by McMillan CO. et al. Can J Anaesth. 1992;39(6):545–550. PMID: 1643676 DOI: 10.1007/BF03008315

Randomisierte Studie zum Vergleich verschiedener oraler Midazolam-Dosierungen bei Kindern; 0,500 mg / kg war wirksam, während höhere Dosierungen zusätzliche Nebenwirkungen verursachten.

🗎 Mende 2017

Thoraxdrainage – Schritt für Schritt von Mende Ludger et al. Intensivmedizin up2date 2017; 13: 17–22

🗎 Meron 2004

Non-Traumatic Aortic Dissection or Rupture as Cause of Cardiac Arrest: by Presentation and Outcome. by Meron, Giora, Istepan Kürkciyan, Fritz Sterz, Karin Tobler, Heidrun Losert, Roland Sedivy, Anton N Laggner and Hans Domanovits. Resuscitation 2004:60 (2), 143–50. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2003.10.005.

🗎 Moerman 2010

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring in contemporary anesthesia and critical care by A. Moerman et al. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica. 2010;61:185–194.

🗎 Morris 2005

Etomidate for emergency anaesthesia; mad, bad and dangerous to know? by Morris, C; McAllister, C. Anaesthesia. 2005:60 (8), 737–740. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04325.x.

🗎 Mullens 2009

Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure by Wilfried Mullens et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Feb 17;53(7):589-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.068

… Furthermore, the ability of CVP to stratify risk for development of WRF was apparent across the spectrum of systemic blood pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, and estimated glomerular filtration rates.

  … Venous congestion is the most important hemodynamic factor driving WRF in decompensated

🗎 Mullens 2022

Acetazolamide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume Overload. By Mullens, W. et al. N Engl J Med 2022, 387 (13), 1185–1195. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2203094

Bei akuter dekompensierter Herzinsuffizienz mit Volumenüberladung verbesserte Acetazolamid 500 mg i.v. einmal täglich zusätzlich zu intravenösen Schleifendiuretika die frühe Entstauung.

🗎 Muller 2025

Deferring Arterial Catheterization in Critically Ill Patients with Shock by Grégoire Muller et al. N Engl J Med. 2025 Nov 13;393(19):1875-1888. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2502136. Epub 2025 Oct 29.

Among patients with shock, results for death from any cause at day 28 indicated that management without early arterial catheter insertion was noninferior to early catheter insertion.

🗎 Neal 2021

American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity checklist: 2020 version by Joseph M. Neal et al. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021 Jan;46(1):81-82. PMID: 33148630. DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101986

The ASRA checklist provides a standardized treatment algorithm for local anesthetic systemic toxicity, including early administration of 20% intravenous lipid emulsion, repeat boluses and increased infusion rates for persistent cardiovascular instability, and an approximate maximum dose of 12 mL/kg.

🗎 Nilsson 1997

Ein Kind Entsteht. by Lennart Nilsson und Lars Hamberger. 1997. Mosaik.

🗎 Nolan 2001

Prehospital and Resuscitative Airway Care: by Should the Gold Standard Be Reassessed? by Nolan, J. D. 2001. Curr Opin Crit Care 7 (6), 413–21.

🗎 Nolan 2008

by Nolan, Jerry P and Jasmeet Soar. Airway Techniques and Ventilation Strategies Curr Opin Crit Care 2008:14(3). Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK. mailto:Jerry.nolan@ruh.nhs.uk: by 279–86. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f85bc8.

🗎 Northup 2019

AGA Clinical Practice Update on Surgical Risk Assessment and Perioperative Management in Cirrhosis: Expert Review by Northup PG., Friedman LS. und Kamath PS. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2019;14(4):135–137. DOI: 10.1002/cld.875

Operationsrisiko bei Leberzirrhose ist eingriffs- und patientenabhängig; es bestehen keine absoluten MELD-Grenzwerte zur Operationsuntersagung.

🗎 Oats 1979

Effects of ketamine on the pregnant uterus by Oats JN., Vasey DP., Waldron BA. Br J Anaesth. 1979;51(12):1163–1166. PMID: 526384 DOI: 10.1093/bja/51.12.1163

Ketamin 2 mg / kg steigerte in einer kleinen Untersuchung den Uterustonus in der Frühschwangerschaft; am Termin wurde dieser Effekt nicht beobachtet.

🗎 Oh 2022

Comparison between Fourth-Generation FloTrac/Vigileo System and Continuous Thermodilution Technique for Cardiac Output Estimation after Time Adjustment during Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study by Chahyun Oh et al. J Clin Med. 2022 Oct 16;11(20):6093. PMID: 36294414. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206093

In conclusion, despite the time adjustments, the estimation of CO using the FloTrac/Vigileo system showed non-negligible overestimation (mean bias –0.94 L/min), clinically unacceptable precision (percentage error 66.1%), and poor trending ability compared with the continuous thermodilution technique as a reference during OPCAB surgery.

🗎 Ortner 2022

Irrigation fluid absorption during transurethral bipolar and laser prostate surgery: a systematic review by Ortner G. et al. World J Urol. 2022;40(3):697–708. PMID: 34191108 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03769-4

Systematische Übersichtsarbeit zur Resorption isotoner Spüllösungen bei bipolarer und laserbasierter Prostatachirurgie sowie zum fortbestehenden Risiko der Volumenüberlastung.

🗎 Pelucio 1997

Out-of-hospital experience with the syringe esophageal detector device. by M. Pelucio et al. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 1997(4):563-568. PMID: 9189188, DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03579.x

In this paramedic field study, the EDD demonstrated poor sensitivity for esophageal intubations.

🗎 Petersen 2014

Sidestream dark field images of the microcirculation: intra-observer reliability and correlation between two semi-quantitative methods for determining flow. by Sandra M Petersen et al. BMC Medical Imaging. 2014;14:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2342-14-14

🗎 Phong 2007

Anaesthesia for robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy: considerations for laparoscopy in the Trendelenburg position by Phong SVN. et al. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007;35(2):281–285. PMID: 17444322 DOI: 10.1177/0310057X0703500221

Fallberichte zu Larynxödem und Plexus-brachialis-Schädigung nach Roboter-assistierter radikaler Prostatektomie; Reduktion von Kopftieflage und Vermeidung von Schulterstützen als Präventionsmaßnahmen.

🗎 Rall Dieckmann 2005

Safety culture and crisis resource management in airway management: general principles to enhance patient safety in critical airway situations by Marcus Rall and Peter Dieckmann. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2005;19(4):539–557. PMID: 16408533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2005.07.005

Human Factors, Sicherheitskultur und CRM beim Management kritischer Atemwegssituationen.

🗎 Rajabaleyan 2022

Vacuum-assisted closure versus on-demand relaparotomy in patients with secondary peritonitis-the VACOR trial: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. by Rajabaleyan P et al.: VACOR study group. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 May 26;17(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13017-022-00427-x. PMID: 35619144; PMCID: PMC9137120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9137120/

🗎 RAMPART 2011

RAMPART (Rapid Anticonvulsant Medication Prior to Arrival Trial): A double‐blind randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam in the prehospital treatment of status epilepticus by paramedics. By Silbergleit R et al. Epilepsia 2011; 52: 45–7.

🗎 Ravindra 2018

Anaesthesia for non-obstetric surgery in obstetric patients by Ravindra GL., Madamangalam AS., Seetharamaiah S. Indian J Anaesth. 2018;62(9):710–716. PMID: 30237597 DOI: 10.4103/ija.IJA_463_18

Schwangerschaftsadaptierte Anästhesie und fetale Überwachung bei nichtgeburtshilflichen Eingriffen; eine routinemäßige prophylaktische Tokolyse wird nicht empfohlen.

🗎 Reeves 2013

Basic perioperative transesophageal echocardiography examination: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. By Reeves, S. T. et al. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2013, 26, 443-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.02.015

🗎 Ring 1977

Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume substitutes. by Ring, J. and Messmer, K. Lancet. 1977 Feb 26;1(8009):466-9. doi: by 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91953-5.

🗎 Rivers 2001

Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock by E Rivers et al. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1368-77. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa010307

🗎 Roberts 2009

Russel J Roberts et al.: Incidence of propofol-related infusion syndrome in critically ill adults: a prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care. 2009; 13(5): R169. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784401/

🗎 Rodrigues 2019

Continuous peritoneal lavage with vacuum peritoneostomy: an experimental study by Rodrigues ACet al. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2019;74:e937. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2019/e937. Epub 2019 Jul 10. PMID: 31291390; PMCID: PMC6607936. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6607936/

Continuous peritoneal lavage with PDS associated with vacuum peritoneostomy is technically feasible and maintains physiological parameters within the normal range. Thus, clinical studies should be conducted to evaluate the use of this technique in the treatment of diffuse peritonitis.

🗎 ROSE 2019

Early Neuromuscular Blockade in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PETAL Clinical Trials Network. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380:1997–2008. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1901686

🗎 Rüggeberg 2026

Peri-operative fasting in adults: an international, multidisciplinary consensus statement by Rüggeberg A. et al. Anaesthesia. 2026;81(6):840–851. PMID: 41657234 DOI: 10.1111/anae.70130

Internationaler Konsens zur Nahrungskarenz bei Erwachsenen, zu klaren Flüssigkeiten und zur frühzeitigen postoperativen oralen Zufuhr.

🗎 Rybak 2020

Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: A revised consensus guideline and review by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists by Michael J Rybak et al. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2020;77:835–864. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxaa036

🗎 Sandroni 2008

Myocardial Stunning After Successful Defibrillation. by Sandroni, Claudio, Tommaso Sanna, Fabio Cavallaro and Anselmo Caricato. Resuscitation 2008:76(1), 3–4. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.06.020.

🗎 Schalk 2010

Out-of-Hospital Airway Management by Paramedics and Emergency Physicians Using Laryngeal Tubes. by Schalk, Richard, Christian Byhahn, Felix Fausel, Andreas Egner, Dieter Oberndörfer, Felix Walcher and Leo Latasch. Resuscitation 2010:81(3), 323–26. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.11.007.

🗎 Scheid 2022

Atopie, Allergie und Allergene im perioperativen Kontext. Von Scheid S. Anästh Intensivmed 2022;63:422–432. DOI: 10.19224/ai2022.422

🗎 Schupp 2009

Persistent subcutaneous oedema and aseptic fatty tissue necrosis after using octenisept. by C. J. Schupp and S. Holland-Cunz. Eur J Pediatr Surg 19(3):179–183, Jun 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1216379. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1216379.

🗎 Schwaab 2022

Low risk of contrast media-induced hypersensitivity reactions in all subtypes of systemic mastocytosis by Schwaab J. et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022;128(3):314–318. PMID: 34637924 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.10.004

In 332 kontrastmittelgestützten Untersuchungen der Studienkohorte wurden keine akuten Kontrastmittelüberempfindlichkeitsreaktionen beobachtet.

🗎 Segal 2012

Impairment of carotid artery blood flow by supraglottic airway use in a swine model of cardiac arrest. by Nicolas Segal et al. Resuscitation, 2012;83(8):1025–1030. PMID: 22465807, DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.03.025

The use of 3 different SGDs during CPR significantly decreased CBF in a porcine model of cardiac arrest.

🗎 Sepsis-3

The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) by Mervyn Singer et al. JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10. PMID: 26903338. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0287

🗎 Serafim 2018

A Comparison of the Quick-SOFA and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Criteria for the Diagnosis of Sepsis and Prediction of Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Rodrigo Serafim et al. Chest. 2018 Mar;153(3):646-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.12.015

The SIRS was significantly superior to the qSOFA for sepsis diagnosis, and the qSOFA was slightly better than the SIRS in predicting hospital mortality. The association of both criteria could provide a better model to initiate or escalate therapy in patients with sepsis.

🗎 Seto 2003

Effectiveness of Precautions Against Droplets and Contact in Prevention of Nosocomial Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Sars). by Seto, W. H., D. Tsang, R. W H Yung, T. Y. Ching, T. K. Ng, M. Ho, L. M. Ho, J. S M Peiris and Advisors of Expert SARS group of Hospital Authority. Lancet 2003:361(9368), 1519–20.

🗎 Shah 2015

Allen’s test: does it have any significance in current practice? By Ashish H Shah et al. J Invasice Cardiol 2015;27(5):E70-E73. https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/jic/articles/allens-test-does-it-have-any-significance-current-practice

Randomized trials of TRA-PCI have excluded patients with abnormal Allen’s tests, whereas routine practice includes a large number of such patients. High-volume transradial centers in the United Kingdom and other countries document the extremely low, almost unheard of, incidence of hand ischemia after TRA cardiac catheterization33-35 without prior AT. Observations from the congenital heart disease and vascular surgery spheres lead us to conclude that AT is a misleading and inaccurate test of collateral blood supply to the hand. In our opinion, the case for its routine use is flawed.

🗎 Shankar-Hari 2016

Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) by Manu Shankar-Hari et al. JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):775-87. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0289

Based on a consensus process using results from a systematic review, surveys, and cohort studies, septic shock is defined as a subset of sepsis in which underlying circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with a greater risk of mortality than sepsis alone. Adult patients with septic shock can be identified using the clinical criteria of hypotension requiring vasopressor therapy to maintain mean BP 65 mm Hg or greater and having a serum lactate level greater than 2 mmol/L after adequate fluid resuscitation.

🗎 Shanmukhappa 2022

Venous Oxygen Saturation by Sanjana Chetana Shanmukhappa and Srivatsa Lokeshwaran. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. PMID: 33232065. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564395/

🗎 Shea 1975

Pressure Sores: by Classification and Management. by Shea, JB. 1975. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, no. 112 (October): 89–100.

🗎 Silva 2026

Stepwise clinical and diagnostic strategy for coma of unknown origin by Silva S. et al. Intensive Care Med. 2026;52(4):729–746. PMID: 42059919 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-026-08418-1

Empfiehlt bei ungeklärtem Koma die parallele Stabilisierung und Ursachensuche mit wiederholter neurologischer Untersuchung, früher Bildgebung und EEG sowie gezielter Abklärung reversibler Ursachen.

🗎 Skhirtladze 2010

by Skhirtladze, Keso, Bruno Mora, Andrea Moritz, Beatrice Birkenberg, Hendrik Jan Ankersmit and Martin Dworschak. Impaired Recovery of Cardiac Output and Mean Arterial Pressure After Successful Defibrillation in Patients with Low Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Resuscitation 2010:81 (9). doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.06.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.06.004

🗎 SIRS 2023

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome by Rebanta K. Chakraborty and Bracken Burns. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. 2023 Feb 15. PMID: 31613449. Bookshelf ID: NBK547669.

🗎 Smyrniotis 2004

Vassilios Smyrniotis et al.: The role of central venous pressure and type of vascular control in blood loss during major liver resections. Am J Surg. 2004 Mar;187(3):398-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2003.12.001

Elevated CVP during major liver resections results in greater blood loss and a longer hospital stay. The Pringle maneuver with CVP 5 mm Hg or less is associated with blood loss not significantly different from that with SHVE. The latter, though, has been shown not to be affected by CVP levels and should be used whenever CVP remains high despite adequate anesthetic management.

🗎 Sommerfield 2019

Propofol Use in Children with Allergies to Egg, Peanut, Soybean or Other Legumes. By Sommerfield, D. L. et al. 2019. Anaesthesia 74(10):1252–59. doi:10.1111/anae.14693.

🗎 StatPearls CLP

Central Line Placement by Audrey Tse and Michael A. Schick. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Dec 21. PMID: 29262231. Bookshelf ID: NBK470286

🗎 Stein 2014

Metabolic Consequences after Urinary Diversion by Stein R. et al. Front Pediatr. 2014;2:15. PMID: 24653981 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00015

Übersicht zu typischen Elektrolyt- und Säure-Basen-Störungen bei Harnableitungen aus Jejunum, Ileum und Kolon.

🗎 Steinert 2008

by Steinert, Yvonne. The ‘Problem’ Junior: by Whose Problem Is It? BMJ 2008:336 (7636): by 150–53. doi:10.1136/bmj.39308.610081.AD https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39308.610081.AD>

🗎 Stick 1981

Transthorakale Impedanzmessungen. von Stick, C. Europ. J. Appl. Physiol. 46, 199–210 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00428871

🗎 Stiell 2004

Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest by Stiell, Ian G et al. N Engl J Med 2004:351(7), 647—56.

🗎 Stiell 2008

The Opals Major Trauma Study: by Impact of Advanced Life-Support on Survival and Morbidity. by Stiell, Ian G et al. CMAJ 2008:178 (9), 1141—52. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071154.

🗎 Su 2012

Cardiac Output Derived From Arterial Pressure Waveform Analysis in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation: Validity of a Third-Generation Device by B C Su et al. Transplant Proc. 2012 Mar;44(2):424-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.12.036

Despite a software upgrade, the effectiveness of the FloTrac artery-derived cardiac output monitor for CO measurement during liver transplantation remains limited.

🗎 Subbe 2001

Validation of a modified Early Warning Score in medical admissions by C P Subbe et al. QJM. 2001 Oct;94(10):521-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/94.10.521

🗎 Suda 2017

Subxiphoid thymectomy: single-port, dual-port, and robot-assisted. by Suda T. J Vis Surg. 2017 May 26;3:75. PMID: 29078638; PMCID: PMC5637480. DOI: 10.21037/jovs.2017.05.07.

🗎 Sulzgruber 2018

The impact of airway strategy on the patient outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A propensity score matched analysis. by P. Sulzgruber et al. European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care, 2018;7(5):423–431. PMID: 28948850, DOI: 10.1177/2048872617731894

We found that the use of a laryngeal tube for airway management in cardiac arrest was significantly associated with poor 30-day survival rates and unfavourable neurological outcome. A primary endotracheal airway management needs to be considered at the scene, or an earliest possible secondary endotracheal intubation during both pre-hospital and in-hospital post-return of spontaneous circulation critical care seems crucial and most beneficial for the patient outcome.

🗎 Supady 2009

by Supady, A., T. Schwab and H-J. Busch. 2009. [“’‘Liquid Ecstasy”’: Gamma-Butyrolactone Withdrawal Delirium with Rhabdomyolysis and Dialysis Dependent Renal Failure]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 134 (18). Medizin III - Kardiologie und Angiologie Universitätsklinikum Freiburg. mailto:Alexander.Supady@uniklinik-freiburg.de: by 935–37. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1220252.

🗎 Suppan 2022

The Importance of Acknowledging an Intermediate Category of Airway Management Devices in the Prehospital Setting Laurent Suppan Healthcare (Basel) 2022 May 23;10(5):961. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050961

Prehospital airway devices are often classified as either basic or advanced, with this latter category including both supraglottic airway (SGA) devices and instruments designed to perform endotracheal intubation (ETI). Therefore, many authors analyze the impact of SGA and ETI devices jointly. … Nevertheless, SGA devices might be particularly useful in the prehospital setting where many providers are not experienced enough to safely perform ETI. Compared to basic airway management (bag-valve-mask) devices, SGA devices enable better oxygenation, decrease the odds of aspiration, and allow for more reliable capnometric measurement by virtue of their enhanced airtightness. For all these reasons, we strongly believe that SGA devices should be categorized as “intermediate airway management devices” and be systematically analyzed separately from devices designed to perform ETI.

🗎 SurvSepsisCpg 2012

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock, 2012 by R. P. Dellinger et al. & The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee. Intensive Care Med 39, 165–228 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8

🗎 Sznajder 1986

Central vein catheterization. Failure and complication rates by three percutaneous approaches by J I Sznajder et al. Arch Intern Med 1986 Feb;146(2):259-61. PMID: 3947185. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.146.2.259.

Overall failure rate was 10.1% for the experienced group and 19.4% for the inexperienced. The complication was 5.4% for experienced and 11% for inexperienced. Among inexperienced physicians, the success rate was 86.7% and the complication rate 7.6% in unconscious patients, whereas in conscious patients these rates were 70.5% and 13.8%, respectively. The inexperienced physicians caused fewer complications in mechanically ventilated than in spontaneously breathing patients.

🗎 Taccone 2010

Cerebral microcirculation is impaired during sepsis: an experimental study by Fabio Silvio Taccone et al. Critical Care. 2010;14:R140. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc9205

🗎 Takechi 2018

Lower limb perfusion during robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy evaluated by near-infrared spectroscopy: an observational prospective study by Takechi K. et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018;18(1):114. PMID: 30121089 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-018-0567-8

Prospektive Beobachtungsstudie zur NIRS-Überwachung der Unterschenkelperfusion bei Roboter-assistierter radikaler Prostatektomie; die regionale Sauerstoffsättigung blieb in der untersuchten Population überwiegend erhalten.

🗎 Thierbach 2004

[Prehospital Emergency Airway Management Procedures. Success Rates and Complications]. by Thierbach, A., T. Piepho, B. Wolcke, S. Küster and W. Dick. Anaesthesist 2004:53(6), 543–50. doi:10.1007/s00101-004-0679-z.

🗎 Timmermann 2006

Prehospital Airway Management: by A Prospective Evaluation of Anaesthesia Trained Emergency Physicians. by Timmermann, Arndet al. Resuscitation 2006. 70 (2). 179–85. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.01.010.

🗎 Timmermann 2007

The out-of-hospital esophageal and endobronchial intubations performed by emergency physicians. by A. Timmermann et al. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2007(104):619-623. PMID: 17312220, DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000253523.80050.e9

🗎 Timmermann 2012

Handlungsempfehlung Für Das Präklinische Atemwegsmanagement Für Notärzte Und Rettungsdienstpersonal. Beschluss Des Engeren Präsidiums Der Dgai Vom 18.04.2012 in Frankfurt Am Main. by Timmermann, A., C. Byhahn, V. Wenzel, C. Eich, T. Piepho, M. Bernhard, and V. Dörges. Anästh Intensivmed 2012. 53: 294–308. http://www.dgai.de/eev/EEV_AI_05-2012_Verbaende_Timmermann.pdf.

🗎 UKCSAG MAT 2024

Intraoperative Cell Salvage – Technical Factsheet 02: Reinfusion of Salvaged Blood UK Cell Salvage Advisory Group (UKCSAG). Version 5, Juni 2024. Volltext: Reinfusion of Salvaged Blood

Kennzeichnung, sichere Retransfusion, Filter, Überwachung und Verwendbarkeitsfristen der MAT.

🗎 UKCSAG MAT Filter 2012

Intraoperative Cell Salvage – Technical Factsheet 07: Use of Filters UK Cell Salvage Advisory Group (UKCSAG). Version 2, Oktober 2012. Volltext: Use of Filters

Standard- und Spezialfilter einschließlich 200-µm- und 40-µm-Filtern.

🗎 UKCSAG MAT Kontra 2013

Intraoperative Cell Salvage – Technical Factsheet 09: Contraindications UK Cell Salvage Advisory Group (UKCSAG). Version 2, Februar 2013. Volltext: Contraindications

Risikobewertung bei hämostatischen Hilfsmitteln, Kontamination und onkologischen Eingriffen.

🗎 Uray 2008

Out-of-Hospital Surface Cooling to Induce Mild Hypothermia in Human Cardiac Arrest: by A Feasibility Trial. by Uray, Thomas and Reinhard Malzer on behalf of the Vienna Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest (HACA) Study Group. 2008. Resuscitation 77 (3). Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.: by 331–38.

🗎 Van der Most 2008

Stadienadaptierte Therapie der komplizierten Sigmadivertikulitis unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der programmierten Etappenlavage (ein Vergleich von Notfall- und Elektivpatienten vom 1997 bis März 2006) von Roel Frans van der Most. Dissertation. Universität Hamburg, 2008. https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/handle/ediss/2597

🗎 van Tulder 2016

Laryngeal Tube Practice in a Metropolitan Ambulance Service: A Five-year Retrospective Observational Study (2009–2013). by R. van Tulder et al. Prehospital Emergency Care, 2020;24(3):434–440. PMID: 27115936, DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2015.1129473

🗎 Varon 2020

A Comparative Study of ECG-derived Respiration in Ambulatory Monitoring using the Single-lead ECG. Varon, C., Morales, J., Lázaro, J. et al. Sci Rep 10, 5704 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62624-5

🗎 VBV 2002

Verordnung des Bundesministers für Wirtschaft und Arbeit über sicherheitstechnische Bestimmungen für Versandbehälter - Versandbehälterverordnung 2002 (VBV 2002) idF: by BGBl. II Nr. 347/2005

🗎 Vignon 2017

Ten reasons for performing hemodynamic monitoring using transesophageal echocardiography by P. Vignon et al. Intensive Care Med, 2017(43):1048-1051. PMID: 28213621, DOI: 10.1007/s00134-017-4716-1

🗎 Vincent 2009

Microcirculatory Alterations in the Critically Ill by Jean-Louis Vincent et al. Hospital Practice. 2009;37:107–112. https://doi.org/10.3810/hp.2009.12.262

🗎 Vlcek 2008

Association Between Hypertensive Urgencies and Subsequent Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Hypertension. by Vlcek, Marianne, Andreas Bur, Christian Woisetschläger, Harald Herkner, Anton N Laggner and Michael M Hirschl. J Hypertens 2008. 26 (4) 657–62. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f4e8b6.

🗎 Wagner 1984

Inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis by the anesthetic etomidate. by Wagner et al.: N Engl J Med. 1984:310, 1415-1421. doi:10.1056/NEJM198405313102202.

🗎 Wan 2024

Periprocedural Management and Multidisciplinary Care Pathways for Patients With Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association by Wan E. Y. et al. Circulation. 2024;150(8):e183–e196. PMID: 38984417 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001264

Beschreibt gerätespezifische Magnetreaktionen, perioperative Planung einschließlich Schrittmacherabhängigkeit und die zwingende Wiederherstellung deaktivierter ICD-Therapien.

🗎 Wang 2006

Paramedic Intubation Errors: by Isolated Events or Symptoms of Larger Problems? by Wang, Henry E, Judith R Lave, Carl A Sirio and Donald M Yealy. 2006. Health Aff (Millwood) 25 (2). 501–9. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.25.2.501.

🗎 Wang-2006a

Out-of-Hospital Endotracheal Intubation: by Where Are We? by Wang, Henry E and Donald M Yealy. 2006. Ann Emerg Med 47 (6). 532–41. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.01.016.

🗎 Wang 2008

Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Endotracheal Intubation Errors. by Wang, Henry E, Lawrence J Cook, Chung-Chou H Chang, Donald M Yealy, and Judith R Lave. Resuscitation, October 2008. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.08.016.

🗎 Wang 2009

Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Endotracheal Intubation Errors. by Wang, Henry E, Lawrence J Cook, Chung-Chou H Chang, Donald M Yealy, and Judith R Lave. Resuscitation, October. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.08.016.

🗎 Wang 2011

Out-of-Hospital Airway Management in the United States by Wang, Henry E., N Clay Mann, Gregory Mears, Karen Jacobson and Donald M. Yealy. Resuscitation 2011:82(4). 378–85. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.12.014.

🗎 Wang 2015

Efficacy and Safety of Antifibrinolytic Agents in Reducing Perioperative Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirements in Scoliosis Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. By Wang, M. et al. PloS one, 2015, 10, e0137886.

The systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that aprotinin, TXA, and EACA all significantly reduced perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in scoliosis surgery. There was no evidence that the use of antifibrinolytic agents was a risk factor for adverse events, especially thromboembolism, in scoliosis surgery.

🗎 Wang 2016

Single-dose tranexamic acid for reducing bleeding and transfusions in total hip arthroplasty: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of different doses. By Wang, C. et al. Thrombosis research, 2016, 141, 119-23.

IV-TXA at 10 mg / kg significantly reduced blood loss and mitigated the decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit after THA, but it did not significantly reduce the need for transfusions. In contrast, a dose of 15 mg / kg reduced both bleeding and transfusion requirements. Our results argue for a dose of 15 mg / kg when using single-dose IV-TXA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I.

🗎 Warner 2000

Lower extremity neuropathies associated with lithotomy positions by Warner MA. et al. Anesthesiology. 2000;93(4):938–942. PMID: 11020742 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200010000-00010

Prospektive Untersuchung peripherer Neuropathien nach Steinschnittlagerung mit Darstellung betroffener Nerven und lagerungsbedingter Risikofaktoren.

🗎 Weil 1971

Proposed reclassification of shock states with special reference to distributive defects by M H Weil and H Shubin. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1971 Oct;23(0):13-23. PMID: 5164840. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9014-9_3

🗎 Weinberg 1998

Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats by Guy L. Weinberg et al. Anesthesiology. 1998 Apr;88(4):1071-1075. PMID: 9579517. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199804000-00028

Lipid infusion increased the dose of bupivacaine required to produce asystole in rats and provided early experimental evidence supporting lipid-based resuscitation.

🗎 Wells 2000

Derivation of a Simple Clinical Model to Categorize Patients Probability of Pulmonary Embolism: by Increasing the Models Utility with the Simplired d-Dimer. by P. S. Wells et al. Thromb Haemost 2000:83 (3), 416—20.

🗎 WHO Phleb 2010

WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices in Phlebotomy. by World Health Organization. Geneva, 2010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138650/

Annex I: Modified Allen test

🗎 Wiese 2009

The Use of the Laryngeal Tube Disposable (Lt-d) by Paramedics During Out-of-Hospital Resuscitation-an Observational Study Concerning Erc Guidelines 2005. by Wiese, C H R., T. Semmel, J. U. Müller, J. Bahr, H. Ocker and B. M. Graf. Resuscitation 2009. 80 (2). 194–98. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.08.023.

🗎 Wiesmann 2025

Prediction of antimicrobial resistance from MALDI-TOF mass spectra using machine learning: a validation study by Niklas Wiesmann et al. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2025;63:e01186-25. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01186-25

🗎 Wilson 1988

Predicting difficult intubation by M E Wilson et al. Br J Anaesth 1988 Aug;61(2):211-6. doi: 10.1093/bja/61.2.211.

Wilson-Score. Depending on the threshold chosen, the rule allowed the detection of, for example, 75% of the “difficult” laryngoscopies at a cost of falsely identifying 12% of the “not difficult” patients.

🗎 Winbery 2002

Histamine and antihistamines in anaphylaxis. by Stephen L. and Philip L. Lieberman. Clin Allergy Immunol. 2002;17:287-317.

🗎 WOMAN 2017

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Lancet. 2017 May 27;389(10084):2105-2116. PMID: 28456509. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30638-4

Early administration of tranexamic acid reduced death due to bleeding in women with postpartum haemorrhage, particularly when administered within 3 hours of giving birth.

🗎 WP Beanspruchung 2013

Beanspruchung (Begriffsklärung). by Wikipedia, Die freie Enzyklopädie. Bearbeitungsstand: by 16. Juli 2013, 11:32 UTC. https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beanspruchung_(Begriffsklärung)&oldid=120596188

🗎 Yerkes 1908

The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation. by Yerkes, R.M. and J.D Dodson. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 1908:18, 459–82.

🗎 Yokoyama 2000

Haemodynamic effects of the lateral decubitus position and the kidney rest lateral decubitus position during anaesthesia by Yokoyama M. et al. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84(6):753–757. PMID: 10895751 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013588

Untersuchung zur Verminderung von Herzzeitvolumen und Vorlast unter Nierenlagerung mit lumbaler Überstreckung.

🗎 Zadrazil 2022

ADV6209 for Premedication in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial by Zadrazil M. et al. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(10):2062. PMID: 36297495 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102062

Orales Midazolam 0,250 mg / kg als Prämedikation senkte präoperative Angst bei 2- bis 8-jährigen Kindern; die zugelassene orale Formulierung wurde besser akzeptiert.